Milk
2008???*24?hSCIENCE&TECHNOLOGYINFORMATION
;BreedsN ;First
;month
;Second ;month
;Third
;month
;Forth
;month
;Fifth
;month
;Sixthmonth
;Seventh ;month
;Eighth ;month
;Ninthmonth
;Tenth
;month
;Milking ;days
;Milk
;yield
;Daily
;yield
;Local
;F1
;F2
;F3
;F2*F2
;F3*F3
;15
;15
;13
;10
;14
;59.22?? ;17.11
;172.29?? ;61.34
;184.93?? ;59.09
;264.78?? ;46.61
;295.24?? ;51.11
;139.36?? ;55.53
;332.29?? ;78.91
;388.35?? ;69.39
;481.42?? ;111.02 ;483.12?? ;103.0
;76.64?? ;21.03
;246.14?? ;71.1
;332.87?? ;62.27
;433.28?? ;91.37
;509.96?? ;119.96 ;52.26
;??19.30 ;209.21?? ;19.39
;295.89?? ;41.44
;385.14?? ;88.07
;456.28?? ;99.33
;20.9
;??
;7.77
;123.07?? ;53.34
;203.42??
;37.72
;264.78?? ;70.09
;268.40?? ;68.84
;98.46??17.76
;166.44??29.98
;216.64??57.74
;214.72??73.44
;49.26
;??
;10.3
;129.45 ;??
;29.86
;168.49 ;??
;38.9
;187.88 ;??
;39.91
;92.47?? ;22.06
;120.35?? ;30.41
;134.20?? ;30.72
;55.48??17.37
;72.21??17.28
;80.52??19.03
;53.68?? ;13.32
;150.2
;201.1
;264.1
;286.6
;305
;348.4
;1231
;1849
;2407
;2684
;2.32
;6.12
;7.00
;8.40
;8.80
;MilkProductioninTibet
;QiumeiJiTsamYouZhangQiang
;(TibetLivestockResearchInstitute,TibetAcademyofAgricultureandAnimalScience,Lhasa,850009)
;7YAbstract7FThispaperdescribesmilkproductionandlivestockproductioninTibet.Someinformationofmarketdemandhasalsobeenpresented.
;TherehasbeenverylittleinformationpublishedinTibetanjournalsonproductionandnutrit
ionofcattle.Thisreviewprovidesabriefintroductionto
;feedingsystemsandfeedingresources.Manystudiesonmilkproductionhavebeendoneinisolation,anddonotgobeyondthebasicandpractical
;level.ComparedwithdairycattleresearchinotherpartsofChina,largegapsinknowledgest
illexistincattleproductionscience,particularlyrelated ;tonutrition,andsystemsapproachesforthedevelopmentofadairyindustry. ;7YKeywords7FMilkProduction;Feedingsystem;Tibet
;1.Introduction
;MilkproductsplayanimportantroleforlocalpeopleinTibet,due ;tothelowtemperatureandtheharshconditioninthehighlands.Butteris ;oneoftheproductsformingthemainenergysourcesinthedietoflocal ;people,andbutterteaisthemaindrinkinthetypicalTibetanfoodstyle. ;InTibet,milkisproducedfromyak,cattle,sheepandgoats.Themodeof ;milkconsumptionisdifferentindifferentareas.Forexample,milkis ;processedtobutteranddrycheeseinpastureandagro-pasturemixed ;areas,andfreshmilkissoldtomarketinurbanandnearbyareas. ;Milkproductionhasincreasedsignificantlyduringthelast25years ;(Fig.1).Yearlytotalmilkyieldwas251,300tonnes,262,000tonnes, ;269,800tonnesin2003,2004and2005andreached276,100tonnesin ;2006anincreaseof7,000tonnesthanlastyear[4]
;.
;Fig.1.ChangesinmilkproductionovertimeinTibet
;2.Currentindustrystructure
;2.1CurrentproductionsystemsCattlearemainlydistributedinthe ;Agro-pastoralmixed,Agro-forestry-pastoralmixedandcropdominated ;productionsystemzonesinTibet(Fig.2).Theoriginalcattle(localTibetan ;cattle)supportrelativelylowlevelsofmilkandmeatproduction,butmilk ;productionfromcrossbredsishigherthanthatoflocalcattle[3] ;(Table1).
;Farmsusuallyraise3-5headofcattle,with10-12headonlargerfarms. ;Atpresent,crossbreds(localcattle??SimmentalorHolstein)arethe ;principalbreedsintheseareas,withlocalcattlemorecommoninremote ;areas.
;Fig.2ProductionSystemszoneinTibet[1]
;Inthepastoralareas,themainanimalsusedformilkproductionare ;yakandsheep.Theyakisusedasamulti-purposeanimal,themain ;productbeingmeat,withmilkproductionbeinglimitedbylowgenetic ;potential.Yaksusuallycalveonlyonceeachtwoyears,butwhen ;nutritionisgood,theymaycalveannually.Thereisalmostnoartificial ;inseminationalthoughthereisayakfrozensemenstationinTibet.Sheep ;,yT
;dailymilkyieldpeaksabout0.3kg.
;Thefirstcattlefrozensemenstation(Linzhibreedsstation)wasbuilt ;in1986.ThestationintroducedfrozensemenfromBeijing,Chengduand ;Lanzhouforvariousbreedsandpromotedcrossbreedingbyartificial ;insemination,thetechniquesubsequentlyextendingtomostofthecattle ;raisingzone.Thelocalcattleusuallycalvebienniallyortwiceperthree ;y,y
;Table1Monthlymilkproductionofcattle(Mean??SDkg/mth) ;l??*?&???;l?
;3
;alsohavemulti-purposeusebutthemilkproductionisverlow.heearswhilethecrossbreeds
calveannuall.
;49
;2008???*24?hSCIENCE&TECHNOLOGYINFORMATION
;!F1:Firstgenerationofcrossbreedsbetweenlocalcattlewith ;SimmentalorHolstein.
;Table3CompositionofmilkofJialiyak
;*A,B,C,Dallaremixedsample[7]
;2.3DemandStatisticaldatabasedonlocalresidentsshowsthatthe ;percapitamilkproductionishighestintheLhokaandNyingtri ;prefectures[4]
;(Fig.4)-121.5kg/person/yearand135.8kg/person/year ;respectively.Thisequateswithapercapitabutterproductionofabout ;4.86kg/person/yearand5.43/person/year(calculatedusing4%offat ;contentinmilk).TheaverageproductionforTibetisabout4.1kg/person/ ;year[4]
;,thisamountisrelativelylowcomparedtotheconsumptionbylocal ;people.AsurveyofbutterconsumptionperhouseholdinLhasacity, ;showedpercapitabutterconsumptionisabout1.0kg/mth,or12kgper ;year.Therearelargegapsbetweensupplyanddemandthroughoutthe ;region.Asaresult,largeamountofbutterhastobeimportedfrom ;Qinghai,GansuandSichan,whichrepresentsabouthalfamountsoldin ;,ff,
;,y,y
;inpastoralareas,withpercapitameatproductsabout130-150kg/person/ ;year.
;Thepercapitaanimalproductsdescribedabovearebasedonlocal
;population.Butthereisanincreasingfloatingpopulation,inparticularly
;incitiesandlargertowns.AccordingtosurveybyTibetAutonomous
;RegionBureauofStatisticsin2005,thefloatingpopulation(residentin
;Tibetforlongtime)wasabout180,000,anditwillsharplyincreaseafter
;2006whenLhasaisconnectedtorailway.Thereforetherewillbean
;increaseindemandforbothmilkandmeatinfuture. ;Fig.4Annualpercapitaproductionofmilkandmeatatprefecture
;levelin2006
;F5f
;SampleN
;water
;(%)
;Protein(%)
;Fat
;(%)
;lactose
;(%)
;A2282.745.236.904.20
;B1684.794.346.603.29
;C983.284.507.703.56
;D1284.135.955.803.20
;Average83.745.016.753.56
;BreedsNJanFebMarAprilMayJunJulyAugSepOct ;Mean
;fatcontent
;Localcattle15
;4.15
;??0.11
;4.13
;??0.14
;4.11
;??0.14
;4.14
;??0.13
;4.17
;??0.15
;4.12
;F115
;3.67
;??0.22
;3.61
;??0.27
;3.60
;??0.60
;3.63
;??0.27 ;3.62
;??0.29 ;3.66
;??0.33 ;3.69
;??0.41 ;3.62
;F211
;3.65
;??0.32 ;3.63
;??0.37 ;3.63
;??0.33 ;3.65
;??0.36 ;3.64
;??0.36 ;3.67
;??0.39 ;3.71
;??0.44 ;3.71
;??0.45 ;3.65
;F314
;3.71
;??0.31 ;3.70
;??0.35 ;3.74
;??0.38 ;3.77
;??0.43 ;3.81
;??0.33 ;3.81
;??0.37 ;3.80
;??0.48 ;3.83
;??0.51
;3.77
;Fixed
;crossbr-eds
;13
;3.88
;??0.55
;3.81
;??0.51
;3.94
;??0.44
;3.97
;??0.47
;4.01
;??0.43
;4.04
;??0.54
;4.11
;??0.61
;4.07
;??0.62
;4.10
;??0.57
;4.11
;??0.55
;4.03
;2.2CurrentindustryoutputAccordingto2006Tibetstatistical ;resultindicatedthat,thetotaldomesticanimalwas24.38millionhead ;comprises10.66millionsheep,6.37milliongoats,4.92millionyaks,1.2 ;millioncattle,0.32millionpigs,and0.52millionhorses,donkeys,and ;mules.Totaloutputofmeat(beef,muttonandpork)was227,000tonnes, ;milkwas276,100tonnes,with78.12%oftotalmilkproducedfromyaks ;andcattle.However,numberoflivestockinyear-endreached24.38 ;millionheadin2006,increased230,000headthan2005(TibetStatistical ;Yearbook,2007).Moreover,totaloutputoflivestockproductionhadthe ;remarkablegrowth.Eachkindofmeatoutputachieved227,000tonnes, ;milkwas276,100tonnesin2006,andgrew5.46%,andgrew2.25% ;comparedtothelastyear.
;Cattleareraisedmostlyinagro-pastoralandagro-forest-pastoral ;mixedregion.Fourprefectures(Shigatse,Lhoka,NyingtriandLhasa)are ;themaincattleproductionzones.Thepopulationoftheareaisabout ;320,000peoplewhomainlyundertakeagriculture.Theothertwo ;prefectures(NakquandNgari)arepastoralareas,themainlivestock ;beingyaks,cashmeregoats,sheepandhorses.
;Thecapacitytosellmilkdependsonthefarmcsslocation,accessto
;market,andthedemandformilkproducts.Littlemilkissoldfromthe ;farmslocatedinremoteareasduetolimitationoftransport.Muchofthe ;milkmarketedisfromfarmslocatednearcitiesortowns.Farms ;producingmilkfromcattleusethemilkmostlyformeetingthe ;requirementforbutterbythehousehold,withtheremainderbeingsold. ;Sotherearefewspecialistmilkproducersalthoughthereisatrendfor ;farmsclosetoLhasacitytospecialiseorproducemilkforsale. ;Generally,milkandmeatproductionhassteadilyincreased[4] ;(Fig.1and
;3)overtime,andthechangeinpercapitaproductionhasfollowedthe ;sametrendastotalproductionovertime.
;Fig.3Percapitaproductionofmilkandmeatovertime
;Thelimiteddataonmilkcompositionofcattlearepresentedin ;Table2
;[3]
;.Thefatcontentishigherinlocalcattlewithlowmilkyield,and ;lowerincrossbredswithhigherproduction.Thecompositionofyakmilk ;isshowninTable3[5]
;.
;Table2Averagemonthlyfatcontentinmilkofdifferentbreedsofcattle(%) ;l??*?&???;l?
;35
;themarket.Hencemilkproductionallsshortodemand.However ;comparedwithmilkmeatproductionisrelativelabundantparticularlig.Productionomilka
ndmeatovertime
;0
;2008???*24?hSCIENCE&TECHNOLOGYINFORMATION
;NormalnameScientificnameCrudeProteinCrudeFatCrudeFiber ;Barley*Hordeumvulgare11.691.9624.81
;Localpea*Pisumsativum25.872.7623.02
;Rape*
;Brasscia
;campestris
;23.644.4116.40
;Maizesilage***6.812.3621.54
;WheatStraw*2.352.2028.52
;Ryegrass*Loliumperrnene11.613.6922.78
;WildOat*Avenafatua15.862.3132.64
;Whiteclover*Trifoliumrepens23.311.8418.85
;Cocksfoot*Dactylisglomerata10.033.1430.87
;Stipa**Stipapurpurea12.152.8930.55
;ShortKobresia**20.425.0018.68
;ThickKobreisa**Kobresiarobusta9.412.5336.17
;Carex**Carexmoorcroftii13.694.1724.05
;Mountain
;Kobresia**
;17.344.4320.06
;Warmwood*
;Artemisia
;duthreuil-dc-
;rchinsii
;15.467.8718.85
;GrasslandtypeProteinFatFiberAshDigestibility
;AlpineFrigidSteppe12.493.4525.7010.6167.4
;AlpineFrigidSteppemeadow11.583.2727.9110.9667.0 ;AlpineFrigidMeadow13.903.6527.818.9464.8
;Kobresia.tibeticameadow8.562.3032.964.7655.7
;Crude
;Protein
;Crude
;Fat
;Ash
;Crude
;Fiber
;CaMgKNaNH3
;6.812.369.8921.540.320.160.810.10.53
;2.4CattlebreedingandveterinarysupportfortheindustryThe ;TibetLivestockResearchInstitute(TLRI)hasmadeasignificant ;contributiontotechnologyinputforthemilkproductionsector.Inthe ;1970css,breedersfromTLRIintroducedSimmentalandHolsteinbulls ;frommainlandChinaforcrossbreedingwithlocalcattletoimprovemilk ;production.Thefirstgenerationofthecrossbredshadhighermilk ;production,althoughtherewasalargevariationbetweenanimals. ;Throughtheuseoffrozensemen,crossbreedinghasbeenwidelyadopted ;inmostagriculturalmixedareassince1986.Thirty-sevencountylevel ;cattlebreedingnetworkshavebeenestablishedinTibetinthelast20 ;years.Twogenotypes,HolsteinandSimmentalhavebeenselectedfor ;crossbreeding.TheF1generationisgenerallyfastgrowing,early ;maturing,hashighermilkyieldcomparedtolocalcattle,andbetter ;adaptedtotheenvironmentcomparedtopureHolsteinandSimmental. ;TheyearlymilkyieldofF1,F2,F3andfixedcrossbredsare1230.7kg, ;1849.3kg,2407.1kgand2684kgrespectively(Table1).Comparedtomilk ;yieldoflocalcattle,thisshowsanincreasingof253.65%,431.4%, ;591.7%and671.26%respectively.
;Onequartermillioncrossbreedshavebeendistributedto52counties ;andthisaccountfor89.7%ofthecattleraisingcountiesinTibet.There ;areanimalservicestationsinmostcounties,andtechniciansinthe ;stationhavesupportbulls,aswellasveterinaryandAIservicesforfarms.