A
Nov.2008,Vl0lume6,No.11(SerialN0.62)US—ChinaForeignLanguage,lSSN1539-8O8
0,USA
;Ac0mparatiVestudyforthemetaph0rsuseinhappinessand
;angerinEnglishandArabicangerlnJngllSnancIAraDlC
;FaWWcIzAlAbedAl—HnqlAhmndEi—Shnr妒
;fi.FncltlAnsdndH”manities.Al—dlBiUniveiJoraan:
;2.Depdrtmenf0fLingHtics.Q”eenM口,y—UniversityLondon.UK)
;Abstract:Thispaperillustratesh0wmetaphorsareemployedindescribinghappinessandangerinEnglish
;andArabic.Theresearchersco1lectedasetOfEnglishandabicmet印
hOricaleXpressi0nsfrOmdirentsources
;includingtheworksOfLak0fjFandK6VecsesinEnglish,anddictiOnariesand1iterawOrksinArabic.The
;analysiswasconductedf0llowingtheconceptualmetaphortheOr),mode1.Then,theexpressiOnswereregrouped
;andclassiedintomajorandminorcategoriesaccordingtotheirmetaphoricalmappings.Thecomparative
;analysisshOwsthatthet,)l,OlanguagesremarkablysharesOmebasic—leVe1metaphOrsi
ncOncepmalizinghappiness
;andangeLInsomeminOrcases,asonofcrOss—culturaldiflferenceshavebeenseenwhich
canbeattributedtothe
;distinctiVecharacteristicsofeachcu1turesuchas:cljlnate,namra1elements,andmodeoflife.
;Keywords:metaphor;conceptualization;happiness;anger;cognitivelinguistics;comparativestudy
;1.IntrOductiOn
;TheViewsaboutmetaphoricallanguagesign讯
cancevaryconsiderably‟especiallywhenta1kingabOutitsuse
;inlanguageanditsstudywithinalinguisticframework.S0metraditi0nalviews,suchasAristOtle‟s,consider
;metaphoricallanguageasmerelyadecoratiVeandomamenta1linguistictool,withitsusenotaddingany
;additionalinfomationtothediscourse(Gibbs,l994,p.74).Onthe0therhand,someviewsregardmetaphorasa
;matterofspecialextraOrdinarylanguage,orasetOfdeViantlinguisticexpressionswhosemeaningis‟‟reducible”
;tosomesetofIitel-alpropositions(SIingerIand,2004,p.325).However,currentappr0achesincognitive
;“nguisticsemphasizetheimportanceofmetaphorinlanguage,andtheyconsideritanessent
ialandindispensable
;phenomenoninbothlanguageandthought(Lako1987;Johnson,1987;Lakofr&Johnson,1980;Gibbs,1994).
;Infact,theimp0rtanceofmetaphOranditssmdyinlanguageissupp0nedbyLakofrandJohnson‟svita1prop0sal
;abouttheper,,asiVeness0fmetaphorsineVer),daylife,andh0wthisper,,asivenesscanbeobser,,edinlanguage,
;thoughtandaction(Lakoff&Johnson,1980,p.3).
;Itiswidelybelievedthatmostuniversalandbasicconceptsintheworldsuchas”time”,”state”and
;“quantity”arecomprehendedbyusingmetaphoricallanguage.F0rexample,whenwelook
tOmeconceptuaI
;metaphor”Moreisup,‟(LakofjF&Johnson,1980,p.23)weseethatitmirrorswhatiscalledamappingpr0cess,
;wherequantltyasacOnceptisassOciatedwithcOncreteObservatiOnthatimpliesaverticalmOvement,suchas
;“pricesarehigh”,and”thedemandOffreshVegetablesisrising”0r”I‟mfeelingup”.Inordinarylanguage,
;FawwazAl?AbedA1-Haq,profess0roflingsticsattheDepartmentofEngnshLanguageandLitemtureanddeanofFacultyof
alBaytuniVersity.E-mail:fawazm2008@yahoo.com. ;ArtsandHumanities,Al—
;AhmadEl?Sharif,Ph.D.candidate,DepartmentofLinguistics,QueenMaDr-University0fLondon.E.mail:
;a.el—sharif@qmu1.ac.uk.
;AcOmparativestudyfl0rthemetaphOrsuseinhappinessandangerinEn2lishandArabic ;metaph0rsareusedtomakeabstractn0tionsm0rec0ncrete.ThiscognitiVepr0cess,knownas”c0nceptualizing”,
;isemployedt0giVeanyabstractnotionsuchasemOtiOna1statesamorephysicalandtangibleessenceorfeeling.
;Conceptualizinganyem0tiOnalstatecanbedrawninterms0famapping:acOrrespOndencerelationbetweentw0
;domains;thefirstistypicallymorephysicalOrcOncretethantheother.Thus,abs仃
actnOtiOnsareunderstoodin
;tennsofmOrecOncreteones.Forexample,theastract”anger,‟isunderstoodintennsthecOncrete”heat”.
;COnsequently,”anger”with”boi1ing”isalinguisticexampleOftheVer),pr0ductiVeconceptua1metaphOr”Anger
;isahotf1uidinacontainer”(Lakof1r&K6Vecses,l983;LakoEl987).Thesamecanbesaidf0rthere1ationship
;betweentheabstract”Happiness”tOthephysicalandconcrete”Highness”.Inthiscasewecomeupwith
;expressionssuchas”t0beoncloudnine”whichiscOnsideredasaViVidexaInplefbrmet
？【ph0ricalmapping
;“Happinessisup”(K6Vecses,l991).weseet上
1atthetwopreViousmetaphoricalmappingsareusedtodescribethe
;“intensity”oftheemotions.Happinessandangeraremerelyabstractconcepts.Andtomeasureaconcept,suchas
;emotionalstates,weresorttothereleVantmeasurementtooIsusedtodescribephysicalandconcretesubstances
;andentities.C0nsequently,metaphorisbetterthantheliterallanguageindescingemotionsbecauseemotions
;varyinintensityandcannotbemeasured.So,wecon行
ontsomedifrerentiallevelsofclaritybetweenlanguage
;speakersindescribingtheseem0tionswhenusingliterallanguage.OrtonyandFains订
ber(1987)seethat
;emOtiOnalstatesseemedtObecOmpatiblewimOurpuI1)OsesbecausetheytendtOhaVeanindefinable,brief
;qualitythatisdifficulttOdescribeusingliterallanguage,althOugh,Ofc0urse,theycanusuaUybe”labeled”using
;literallanguage.Thus,whileitmightbeeasyforapersont0”label”anemotionalstateas,f0rexample,”fear,‟,it
;isdimculttopI.0videaliteraldescriptionofthequalityofsomeparticular”experienceoffear”(Ortony&
;Fains订ber,l987,p.181).
;Consequently‟weseethatmetaph0ricallanguagecouldp1aythreecommunicatiVenctionsinanydiscourse.
;First,itmightall0wustoexpresswhatisdimcultorimpossibletoexpressifwearerestrictedt0theliteralusesof
;language.Second,metaphormayconstituteaparticularlycompactmeansofcommunication.Thus,metaph0rical
;languagemayenableustOc0nveyagreatdea10finf0nIlatiOninam0recOncisemanneLFina1ly‟metaphOrical
;languagemayhelpincapturingmeViVidnessOfphen0menalexperience.Met印
hOrscanpaintOurlanguagewitha
;richerandmoredetailedpictureofoursubjectivee)eriencethanitmightbeif0urexperienceisexpressedby
;literallaIlguage(Gibbs,1994,p.124).
;2.UniVersalityOfmetaphOrs
;Itisevidentthatculturaldifrerencesconstitutethemainsourcesf0rthediVersityofmetaphorica1mappings
;bywhichabstractemOtiOnalstatesareunderstOOdbyresOrtingt0physicalandc0ncretecOncepts.Manystudies
;haVesoutoutcross.culturallinguisticdi虢rencesinmet印
horuse.Forexample,manystudiesofthephysiology
;ofangeracrossseveralunre1atedculturesindicatethatincreaseinskintemperatllreandbIoodpressureare
;universalphysiOlOgica1cOrrelatesOfangeLThisaccOuntsf0rthe”Angerisheat”metaphOrinEng1ishandmany
;otherlanguages.Forex锄
ple,King‟s(1989)andYU‟s(1995)workssuggestthatthec0nceptualizationofangerin
;terrnsofheatismuchlessc0mmoninChinesethaninEnglish.InChinese,theydesignate,themajormetaphorsof
;angerseemtobebasedmainlyOnpressure,nOtonpressureandheat.ThisindicatesthatspeakersofChinesehave
;reliedOnadifrerentaspectOftheirphysiOlOgyinthemetaphOricalcOnceptualizatiOnOfangerOtherthanthatOf
;Englishspeakers.Matsuki(1995)obser,,esthataUthemetaphorsforangerinEnglish,asanalyzedbyLakofjFand
;K6vecses(1983),cana1sobef0undinJ印
anese.Atthesametime,shepointsoutthatthereisala踏enumberof
;2
;AcomDarativestudvfl0rthemetaph0rsusenhap璺g竺!堕垦g!堕望垒苎竺
;ange卜relatedexpressionsthatgrouparo吼
dtheJapaneseconceptof”hara”(Lit.”belly‟‟).Thisisaculturally
;significantc0nceptthatisuniquetoJapaneseculture,andsothec0nceptualmetaphor‟‟Ang
erls(mthe)hara”ls
;limitedtoJaDanese.OthercrOss—cultura1studiesshOwthatdi仃
erentlanguagesexhibitdi仃erentpattemsof
;figurativelanguageuse.InsOmecasesOfvariati0nmetaphOrsthataretrequemmonelanguageaTera1feOr
;nonexistentinanother‟asitisthecaseofsomemetaphorsinEnglishandSpanish(Barcelona
&Soriano,2004).In
;0thercases,similarmetaphOrsareusedintwOlanguages,butaremanyt1mesas打
equentmOneottnelanguages,
;asisf0undforsomemetaphorssharedbyEnglish,French,andDutch(Boers&Demecheleer,l997).
;Throughourreviewfortheliteratureofthisf_ie1d,wenoticethatmetaphoncal1anguagepr0cessmghasbeen
;asubjectOfextensiveresearchinthewestemculfure.SOmeofthesesmdiestackJedthewaywemlderstaJ1d
;metaph0rs,andotherstudiesexplOrehOwabstractnOtiOnsareconceptualizedw1thmtnemmdbyusmg
;metaphoricallanguage.Whenweinvestigatecross—culralstudiesOf?
1etaphOr,wenoticethatArablclslgn0red
;fromsuchresearch.Infact,thereisavitalneedtostudyArabicmetaphorsf_r0macogn1tlVelmgulstlcVlewpomt?
;3.MethOds
;TheresearchershavecollectedanumberOfmetaphOricalexpressiOnsusedindescribinghappmessandanger
;inEnishandArabic.TheEnishexpressionswereextractedfromtheworksofLako仃
andK6Vecsesonme
;fieldfLako代
l987:Lakofr&K6vecses,l983;K6vecses,1991).TheseworkspresentmostoftheconVentlonal
;andnon.conventionalmet印hOrsusedinthecOnc印
tualizing”happiness”and”anger”inEnglish.TheArabic
;expressi0nswereextracted仔
OmtheArabicwnttenliterature,likedictionaries,thesauri,literaw0rkssuchas ;pOetn,andpr0se.Theresearchersfoll0wedtheLakOf1FandJOhns0n‟sconceptualmetaphOrtheoryasamodel士or
;analyzingtl1ec0llectedexpressionsMetaphorSareregroupedinc0generalsourcedomains(fire,up,?ght,animal,
;etc.).Then,thespecmcsourceandtargetdomainsineachgr0upwereidentinedbyusingmetonymic
;representations.Moreparameterswereinvestigated,suchassearchingforomerlinguisticexamples,lookingfor
;additionalsemanticorpragmaticevidences,andcheckingwhethertherewasamOregeneralm印pmgOr
;elaborations.Finallitisworthtoclarithatin0rdert0limitthescopeofthisstudy‟theresearchersreliedonthe
;datacOlIectedfrOmanumberOfwrittenArabicsOurces.SO,theArabicexpressiOnswereOnlywritteninStandard
;ArabicfSA),othervarietiesorstylesofArabicwereexcludedfromanalysisinthisresearch. ;4.FindingsanddiscussiOn
;Twobroadsortsofmetaphorsthatparticipateintheunderstandingof”happiness”and”anger‟inboth
;languagescanbeidentified.First,thereisagroupofmetaphorscalled”generic一
1eVe1met印hors”(K6Vecses,2000,
;pp.38—39),thesemetaphorsapplyt0aeatnu”lberofconcepts,notonlyhappiness.Thesemetaphorsinclude
;“Moreisup,lessisdown”,”Intensityisheat‟‟and”Thebodyisacontainer”metaphors.LakofrandK6Vecses
;includeacouple0ffhemintheirana1ysisofAmericananger(Lak0ff&K6vecses,l983;Lako1987,pp.397
;.
;406).Thesec0ndgroupsofmetaphorsaremoretypicalofemotionsingenera1andsomeofthesemetaph0rsare
;usedtOdescribehappinessandangerinparticulaLakofrandK6vecsescallthesemetaphors”basic—leVel
;metaphors”(Lakoff&Kc}vecses,1983;Lako吒
1987,p.4O6).Accordingtomanyresearchersinmet印hoLthese
;levelsprovidethebulkoftheconceptualstructureforanger(andhappiness)andaremoredirectlylinkedto
;eXpe”ence(Soriano,2003,p.1l0).
;InthispapertheresearchersstantheiranalysiswiththeuseOfmetaphOricallanguageincOnc印malizing
;AcOmparativestudyfl0rthemetaph0rsuseinhappinessandangerinEnglishandArabic ;happiness.EachArabicexpressioniswrinenbyusingtheph0netic仃
ansliterati0nf0rtheArabicsoundsand
;f0ll0wedbyaliteraltranslation(Lit.).
;4.1Metaph0ricalc0nceptualizati0n0fhappiness
;4.1.1Orientati0nalmetaphors
;ThefirstmajorgroupofconceptualmetaphorsgiVeshappinessanupwardoreintationa1denotationwhere
;happinessisassociatedwithsomekindofe1eVatedplace”of-f‟theground(Lakofr&J
ohnson,1980,p.17).This
;metaphOrinVOlVesmanyOthersub—metaphOrswhichsharethesamemetOnymicmap
ping”Beinghappyisbeing
;ofFthegr0und”(K6Vecses,1991,p.31).Thismaj0rmetonymicmappingleadstoanothermorecommon
;oreintationaImetaphoricalm印
ping”Happinessisup”.ManyEnglishexpressionsusedindescribinghappiness
;comeunderthismetaphoricalmapping,suchas,”1wasnyinghigh”,”Shewasoncloudnine”,”I‟msiXfeetofr
;theground”.Inotherexpressionsthisisexplicit1yexplainedmI.0ughthelinkingOfbirdsf1yingwithhappiness
;feeling.Forexample,”Myheartwassoaringlikeaneagle”,”ThebirdOfh印
piness”,”Happyasalark”.Arabic,
;likewise,isllofexpressionswhichinVolVesuchmetaphors.FunherIIlore,itseemsthatorientationaland
;„„nying”metaphOrscOnstitutememOstprOductiVemetaphOricalc0nceptualizatiOnforh印pinessinArabic.Inthe
;majority0fthec0llectedrabicexpressions,happiness,asaconcept,isViewedasanyingbird.Insomeother
;expressionshappinessisviewedasalightswift—moVingobjectthataireasilyplayswith.F
0rexan1ple,”kaada
;ya乇
iimf.arahan”(Lit.Healmostnewforhappiness)(seeAppendixIandAppendixII),”taara?aad
uhuf.arhan”
;(Lit.Hisheanniedforh印piness),”?Tiirubijanaahi—issumlurimarahan”(Lit.I锄
nyingbythewingsofjoyf0r
;happiness),”?Sbahatlatuqillunikawaahi17r
？)ymarahan”(Lit.ThelandbecomesoVerburdenthatitcouldn0t
;holdmefor(my)joy).Arabic0reintationalmetaphors,ingeneral,and”Happinessisup”met
aphors,inpanicular,
;aremostlyass0ciatedwithbirds.Birds,suchassparrowsandlarks,representsign讯
camsymbolsforhappinessin
;bo山
ArabicandEnglishcultures.Typically,theyareseenasdwellingintheair,thisentailsbeing”up”and”ofr
;thegr0und”.Birdsarealsoassociatedwith仔
eedom.ItseemsintuitiVelyacceptabletorelatetherelationship
;bet,veenfreed0mandhappinesstotheVeryfactthateedomisonep0ssibles0urcef0rhappiness.K6Vecses
;(1991,p.31)seesthatinoursimplmedviewf0rtheworld,wehavethebeliefthatwhen”wear
efree,weare
;happy…andwhatseemstobegoing0nhereismatwecomprehenda/an(em0tiona1)state(1ikehappiness)in
;te衄sofapossiblesourceofthatstate(f‟reedom).
;Inaddition,orientationalmetaph0rsinvolveanothersonofsimilaritybet,veenEnglishandabicinwhich
;f1yingisanactivitythatisperf0nIledbyahumano唱
an,mainlythe”hean”.Andweknowthatoneofthe
;symptomsofhappinessistheincreaseinbloodpressureandheartbeating.So,ahappypersonfeelsthathishean
;isbeatingveryquicklyandstronglyandthatitisgoingtofreeitselffromthechestandf1iesaway.S0,the0
;metphorsof”nyingbirds‟‟and”nyingheart”arepresentinthetwolanguages,sincetheyrepresentauniVersaI
;bodyreactioninthemomentsofhalppiness.ItsvitallysigniflcanttodrawhowArabicinvolvesanotl1ersortof
;metaphOricalcOnc印
tualizatiOnindescribingthesignmcanceOfhappiness.ThiscanbeelabOratedinexpressions ;suchas:”ha乇
alatcaIayyasahaabatu—l—hubuuri‟‟(Lit.ThecloudofhappinesswasrainingaboVeme),”sahaa?ibu
;1,abtatytanhallu‟‟(Lit.Myc1oudsofhappinessareraining).Inthe1astoArabicexpressionshappinessis
;depictedasrainycl0uds,anOtherentailmentfortheOrientatiOnalmetaphorssinceclOudsare,plausibly‟”Offthe
;gr0und”.Furthennore,theassociationbetweencloudsandhappinesscanbeattributedtothepleasureandjoy
;accompaniedwiththerainbecauseofitsimportancetohumanbeings,animals,plantsandcmps.Thismetaphor
;representsanexcepti0nalrepresentationf0rtheflmitfulnessandcheerlnessfhathappinessbringsf0rallcreatures
;Cl0udsrepresentasourceforjoyandtotalwe1faref0rthefamersandplants,anditaffectsal1peop1eand
;4
;Acomparatjvestudyfl0rthemetaphorsusejnhappinessandangerinEnjshandArabic ;creaturesthatarebeneaththem.Happinessdep1ctlOnasaclOudsymbOllzeshOwmuchitisc0nsideredasasOurce
;forpleasureandjoyt0theh印
pypersonhimse1eandtoallpeop1eeVencreaturesaroundhim.Inaddition,mis
;metaph0rrenectsthesigncanceofwaterandraininginmOstArabicsOcieties.ManyArabsocietiesaredestined
;toliVeinaridsearinglandswherewaterandrainarememostpreciouselementsoflife.Inadditiontothat,by
;depictinghappinessasc1Ouds,itisportrayedasaVitalshelterandshadowagainsttheheatofthesun.K6Vecses
;(199l,p.36)giVesmanyeXplanationsforthecognitiVemotiVati0nfortheassociationbetweenhappinessand
;upward0rientation.Inoneofthem,heseesmatthisconceptllaIizationisaVer),帅
icalexpressiVeresponse
;assOciatedwithhappinesswhichissmi1ing.InmanyexamplesillustratedfromEng1ishsmilingcOmesasanatural
;accompanyingactwithhappiness(1ike”ShewassInilingwithhappiness”and”Theywereallsmiles”0r”He
;gri彻ed丘
omeartoear”).Nowhentbeintenseoftbehappinessstateincreases,then,slnjJingincreasestoreach
;thestateoflaughing(e.g.”Hewassohappyhelaughedoutloud”).K6Vecses(1991,p.36)seesthatwhenwe
;smiIe,theendsofthemoumtumupwards,andwhenwearesadtheytumdOwnward.An0thermotivatiOnsfor
;conceptualizinghappinesswithupwardorientatiOnmaybethatitsass0ciationwithsOmebehaVi0ralresponses
;thatinVolVeanupwardmoVement?