2008 Minnesota Undergraduate Tournament - Packet 1
By Jonathan Magin and Andrew Hart
Edited by Rob Carson, Andrew Hart, and Gautam Kandlikar
Tossups
1. A Tibetan film titled for one of these objects centers on the story of two members of a monastery town who try to locate at TV in order to watch a soccer tournament. Faith No More’s final album features “She Loves Me Not” and the title track about the last
object of this type “of Sorrow.” Marge Simpson’s insistence to buy one of these objects leads her to spell out its name and inadvertently tell a sporting equipment vendor that she wanted to watch him urinate. For 10 points, name this object that is paired with two girls in an internet shock video.
ANSWER: a cup [accept The Cup or Phorpa before "Faith No More"]
2. One phylum of this type of animal is a grasshopper parasite that infects its host with the urge to drown itself, bringing the parasite to the water for breeding. Another phylum of this type of animal bears live young and gets around with pairs of legs that move together; those are known as Onychophora, or the “velvet” type. Another phylum of this type of animal displays a
distinguishing scolex, while another species of this type was the first organism to have its entire genome sequenced. For 10 points, name this type of animal exemplified by C. elegans as well as the phyla platyhelminthes and annelida, the flat and segmented types.
ANSWER: worms
3. One author from this country wrote a story about Karl Hediger, who marries Hermine Frymann after agreeing to carry the titular “Banner of the Upright Seven”; that story is collected in The People of Seldwyla. A novelist from this country wrote about an
imprisoned man who insists that he is a Texan named Jim White instead of a man named Anatol in I’m Not Stiller. A playwright from this country wrote about Alfred Ill, who is sacrificed by the town of Gullen after the arrival of the wealthiest woman in the world, in The Visit. For 10 points, name this European country home to Max Frisch and Friedrich Durrenmatt, which is also the
setting of Schiller’s play William Tell.
ANSWER: Switzerland
4. After the death of Sita, Shiva created the demon Vīrabhadra by performing this action on himself. The city of Megara fell to
King Minos after Scylla performed this action on King Nisus. According to the Skáldskaparmál, the sons of Ivaldi crafted
Skidbladnir and Mjollnir after Loki atoned for performing this action as a prank on the wife of Thor, Sif. The Book of Judges
describes how a Nazarite was blinded and imprisoned in Gaza after a servant performed this action on him. For 10 points, name
this action which caused the loss of strength of Samson.
ANSWER: cutting hair [accept clear-knowledge equivalents; accept tearing out his hair or equivalents before Scylla]
5. French philosopher Bernard Stiegler was heavily influenced by this philosopher, and interpreted his work in a work about a
“Fault of Epimetheus.” Victor Farias criticized this philosopher for his political views, and this philosopher’s thought was said to undergo a “turn” or “die Kehre.” His lectures include one on “Hölderlin’s Hymn: The Ister.” Another of his works was intended
to have a second part about the “destruktion” of the history of philosophy, and the first part of that work introduced the being for whom being is in question, dasein. For 10 points, name this German philosopher who wrote Being and Time. ANSWER: Martin Heidegger
6. A theorized inner region to this area is named after Hills. Safranov and Cameron proposed the two most widely accepted
models of its origin, and the object Gliese 710 may cause havoc here sometime within the next ten million years. 2000 CR105 is one of only two objects identified that may belong to this group. Richard A. Muller suggested that a brown dwarf that orbits the sun periodically disrupts this area, and it extends nearly a quarter of the way to Proxima Centauri. For 10 points, name this region of space thought to contain 90377 Sedna, theorized to be the source of long-range comets and named after a Dutch dude.
ANSWER: Opik-Oort Cloud
7. Benjamin Britten based his Young Persons’s Guide to the Orchestra on the theme of this man’s Abdelazar. This man’s mentor composed the masque Venus and Adonis and was named John Blow. His compositions were collected by his widow in Orpheus Britannicus, whose preface was written by a son of this man’s contemporary and friend John Playford. He composed operas based on King Arthur and Spenser’s The Faerie Queen, and another of his operas contained the noted aria “When I am Laid in Earth.” For 10 points, name this English Baroque composer of Dido and Aeneas.
ANSWER: Henry Purcell
8. This author wrote about the relationship between Redfern and Martha Hersland in The Making of Americans. Another of this author’s works includes sections about “The Good Anna,” “The Gentle Lena,” and Melanctha Herbert, who decides to marry Dr.
Jeff Campbell. Her prose poems such as “In Between” and “A Carafe, That is a Blind Glass” appear in her poetry collection
inspired by Cubism, Tender Buttons. She wrote the libretti for Four Saints in Three Acts and The Mother of Us All, as well as the line “a rose is a rose is a rose is a rose.” For 10 points, name this Modernist author of Three Lives and The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas.
ANSWER: Gertrude Stein
9. During the Great Depression, Franklin Roosevelt transplanted poor farmers to an experimental colony located in this state’s
Matanuska Valley. James Wickersham was the longtime opponent of the Guggenheim interests in this state, and introduced its first statehood bill. In 1964, this state was devastated by the Good Friday Earthquake. Its drive for statehood was spearheaded by Bob Bartlett and one of the two Senators who voted against the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution, Ernest Gruening. This state is divided into boroughs instead of counties, and more recent senators from this state include Mike Gravel (gruh-vell) and Ted Stevens. For 10
points, name this state purchased from Russia by William Seward.
ANSWER: Alaska
10. An apocryphal “Testament” by this Biblical character gives his wife’s name as Sitis, and claims that she sold her hair to Satan before cursing God and dying. The Protestants used a quotation from this man’s namesake book as their motto, “After darkness I
hope for light.” At the beginning of his namesake book, three figures claiming to be the “friends” of this man berate him; their
names are Bildad, Eliphaz, and Zophar. His namesake book contains Elihu’s speech, and God refuses to answer his questions with
anything besides “I am the Lord.” For 10 points, name this man whom “the Satan” is allowed to corrupt by God, but who remains
pious.
ANSWER: Job or Iyyav or ‘Ayyub
11. This country’s Sechura Desert is crossed by the Cascajal and Piura Rivers. This country’s highest peak is Mount Huascaran, and notable archaeological sites in this country include the Huaca del Sol and Sipan, ruins of the Moche civilization. Visitors to this country can see the Amazon Rainforest in Iquitos, travel to the cities of Cajamarca and Arequipa, and row to Taquile Island, which lies 13,700 feet above sea level on this country’s side of Lake Titicaca. The battles of Junín and Ayacucho were fought in this country, which contains the ruins of Machu Picchu. For 10 points, name this country west of Bolivia and north of Chile, whose capital is Lima.
ANSWER: Peru
12. This poem is followed by a poem that asks “I wonder by my troth, what thou and I / Did, till we loved?” in its author’s
collected Songs and Sonnets. This poem argues that “though parents grudge, and you, we’re met / And cloistered in these living
walls of jet.” The speaker asks this poem’s addressee “Cruel and sudden, hast thou since / Purpled thy nail in blood of innocence?”, and compares the title figure to a marriage bed and marriage temple. Describing how the title figure “sucked me first, and now
sucks thee,” the speaker uses the “two bloods mingled” harmlessly in the title animal as a metaphor for sex. For 10 points, name this poem about an insect by John Donne.
ANSWER: “The Flea”
13. This author wrote about a lieutenant’s conflicted loyalties between his First Division and his country, resolved by committing suicide, in his short story “Patriotism.” Restaurant proprietress Kazu attempts to help her husband Yuken run for political office in
his novel After the Banquet, while Noboru kills Ryuji in lieu of allowing him to marry his mother in this author’s The Sailor Who Fell from Grace with the Sea. Other protagonists of this author include Kochan, who obsesses over his sexuality, and Mizoguchi,
who burns down a building. For 10 points, name this Japanese author of Confessions of a Mask and The Temple of the Golden Pavilion.
ANSWER: Yukio Mishima [accept in reverse order]
14. Fighting at this battle along Assunpink Creek saw the Knyphausen regiment surrounded, while the two major avenues in the
town where this battle took place were King and Queen Streets. One commander in this battle wasn’t awoken until the other side
had captured an important redoubt; his name was Johann Rall. The highly trained professional soldiers on one side were hung
over from Christmas partying and thus ineffectual. For 10 points, name this Revolutionary War battle that saw Washington cross the Delaware and kick some drunken Hessian ass.
ANSWER: Battle of Trenton
15. An organopalladium one is used in the Heck Reaction. In ring-closing metathesis, one of these is added to a diene carrying an ammonium salt group in order to make it water-soluble. Another class of these compounds consists of a transition metal such as
vanadium or titanium and a main group metal alkyl compound, which is usually an aluminum alkyl. More famous ones include
manganese dioxide, which is used to decompose hydrogen peroxide, and iron, which is used in the Haber process. Compounds
named for Grubbs and Ziegler-Natta are examples of, for 10 points, what substances which speed up the rate of a chemical reaction? ANSWER: catalysts
16. Murray Rothbard suggests that social taboos can eliminate the "classical" form of this phenomenon. The Beveridge curve
plots this against the vacancy rate. The NAIRU is a measure of this for a market with neither upward nor downward pressure on
inflation. Okun’s Law predicts a 2.5 percent gap in GDP for every additional one percent rise in the rate of this. Keynes argued that because wages are “sticky,” this is caused by a drop in aggregate demand. For 10 points, name this statistic plotted against inflation on the Phillips Curve, which measures the percentage of people out of work.
ANSWER: unemployment
17. An alligator and three turban-clan men on horseback attack the titular black African mammal in this artist’s painting The Hippopotamus Hunt. This artist portrayed Triton blowing a seashell beneath Cybele and Neptune in his painting The Union of Earth and Water, and his more violent paintings include Allegory of Peace and War and the recently discovered Massacre of the Innocents. His wife Hélène Fourment modeled for his paintings The Three Graces and The Garden of Love. He also painted a cycle of canvases about Marie de Medici, as well as a painting of men trying to raise the body of Christ, The Elevation of the Cross. For 10 points, name this Baroque Flemish painter known for his fleshy nudes.
ANSWER: Peter Paul Rubens
18. Ferdinand I of this region defeated Bermudo III of another region, merging those two regions together. A ruler dubbed "the Cruel" from this region engaged in a conflict with his neighbor called the War of the Two Peters. Alfonso VIII hailed from here; he was the victorious commander at Las Navas de Tolosa, which led to the downfall of this region’s Kingdom of Toledo. This was the home region of the mother of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, Joanna the Mad. This region was united with Aragon
when its queen married Ferdinand II. For 10 points, name this historical region that today is paired with La Mancha or Leon (lay-OWN), the home of Isabella.
ANSWER: Castile [or Castilla]
19. Chan and Kim at Penn State discovered that crystals can display this phenomenon. One instance of this phenomenon is
distinguished by either an A or B phase, and is anisotropic. Some materials that exhibit this phenomenon display a 30 nm Rollin film, and their movement sometimes displays the Onnes Effect. Landau theorized that quantum sound waves are responsible for
this effect, which he posited occurs below the lambda point. For 10 points, name this property notably displayed by helium, when a liquid or gas displays no resistance to flow.
ANSWER: superfluidity or superfluids
20. At this man’s death, he left the unfinished opera Monna Vanna. His songs include In the Silence of the Night and Lilacs in addition to his wordless Opus 34, Vocalise. He dubbed the third movement an “introspective reverie” of a set of solo piano pieces
known as his Six Moments Musicaux. The fifth movement of one of his pieces is called “Lord, Now Lettest Thou” and is also
dubbed the “Kiev Chant”; that work is formally titled All-Night Vigil but is better known as his Vespers. He also wrote a choral symphony based on a translation by Konstantin Balmont that featured the Dies Irae theme, based on a Poe poem. For 10 points,
name this Russian composer of The Bells symphony and Rhapsody on a Theme of Paganini.
ANSWER: Sergei Vasilevich Rachmaninoff [or Rachmaninov]
21. The Cantino Planisphere depicts the results of this treaty, which was sanctioned by Pope Julius II twelve years after its signing. This treaty was spurred by one side’s dissatisfaction with the Inter Caetera Papal Bull issued one year earlier by Pope Alexander VI. This treaty established a line 370 leagues west of the Cape Verde Islands, which was later extended through both poles by the
Treaty of Zaragoza. Signed on June 7, 1494, it allowed one side to claim the coast of Brazil in 1500. For 10 points, name this treaty that divided up the New World between Portugal and Spain.
ANSWER: Treaty of Tordesillas
2008 Minnesota Undergraduate Tournament - Packet 1
By Jonathan Magin and Andrew Hart
Edited by Rob Carson, Andrew Hart, and Gautam Kandlikar
Bonuses
1. It was passed by the House of Lords after William IV threatened to add fifty additional Whigs to Parliament. For 10 points each: [10] Name this 1832 act that gave Leeds, Manchester, Sheffield and Birmingham each two seats in Parliament, standardized the
annual rent paid by households to ten pounds, and abolished rotten boroughs.
ANSWER: Great Reform Act of 1832
[10] This man’s opposition to the Great Reform Act caused Earl Grey to replace him as Prime Minister in 1830. This general had earlier defeated Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo.
ANSWER: Arthur Wellesley, the first Duke of Wellington [accept either]
[10] Although Wellington was opposed to the Great Reform Act, his time in office saw the passage of this 1829 act supported by
Daniel O’Connell, which allowed members of a certain religion to hold seats in Parliament.
ANSWER: Catholic Relief Act
2. These materials contain domains, which are separated by Bloch and Neel walls. For 10 points each:
[10] Name these materials that can stick to cobalt, nickel, and steel.
ANSWER: ferromagnets [prompt on “magnets”]
[10] This is the temperature above which a ferromagnet loses its magnetism. Its namesake is also the namesake of a similar
temperature for piezoelectric materials.
ANSWER: Curie temperature
[10] This effect in ferromagnets is caused by the rapid resizing of magnetic domains as the magnetizing force is changed. It
causes characteristic Rice Krispie-like pops when the magnet is hooked up to a speaker.
ANSWER: Barkhausen effect
3. For 10 points each, name these Mexican authors.
[10] This onetime ambassador to India wrote The Monkey Grammarian and analyzed Mexican society in The Labyrinth of Solitude. ANSWER: Octavio Paz
[10] A fetus criticizes Mexican society 500 years after the arrival of Columbus in this author’s novel Christopher Unborn. This author of Terra Nostra and Where the Air is Clear imagined the last days of Ambrose Bierce in The Old Gringo. ANSWER: Carlos Fuentes
[10] This doctor’s experiences as a surgeon for the army of Francisco Villa inspired his 1915 novel about the Mexican Civil War,
The Underdogs.
ANSWER: Mariano Azuela
4. Her sisters included Stheno and Euryale, and she lived on an island at the end of the earth. For 10 points each:
[10] Name this mortal Gorgon whose gaze turned men to stone.
ANSWER: Medusa
[10] This Greek hero killed Medusa with the help of a mirrored shield and magic purse, then used her head to turn Polydectes, and some say Atlas, to stone.
ANSWER: Perseus
[10] Perseus later rescued Andromeda, the daughter of this queen. This queen got Andromeda into trouble in the first place for bragging that she was just as beautiful as the Nereids.
ANSWER: Cassiopeia
5. He was recalled by Cuban governor Diego Velazquez de Cuellar, but founded a city and claimed direct authority from Charles V instead. For 10 points each:
[10] Name this conquistador who overthrew the Aztec empire and founded Mexico City.
ANSWER: Hernan(do) Cortes Pizarro [do not accept or prompt on “Pizarro”]
[10] This Aztec leader, the second of his name, was captured by Hernan Cortes in Tenochtitlan.
ANSWER: Montezuma II or Moctezuma II
[10] This was the name of the first city that Cortes founded on the North American mainland. It was named after a religious relic because of its founding on Good Friday.
ANSWER: Veracruz [prompt on “True Cross”]
6. This poem is set “down by the dank tarn of Auber, / In the ghoul-haunted woodland of Weir.” For 10 points each:
[10] Identify this 1847 poem in which the narrator is led by the light of Astarte to the tomb of the title character.
ANSWER: “Ulalume”
[10] In this poem, set “many and many a year ago, / In a kingdom by the sea,” the narrator visits the sepulchre of the title character,
who was killed by a chilling wind sent by some envious angels.
ANSWER: “Annabel Lee”
[10] Both “Ulalume” and “Annabel Lee” were written by this poet of “The Conqueror-Worm” and “The Raven.”
ANSWER: Edgar Allan Poe
th7. Identify these 19 century composers who wrote works about Faust, For 10 points each.
[10] This composer wrote Harold in Italy and The Damnation of Faust, and included movements representing a march to the gallows and a witches’ sabbath in his Symphonie Fantastique.
ANSWER: Hector Berlioz
[10] This composer wrote a Faust Symphony, and used Nicholas Lenau’s poem about Faust as the basis for his Mephisto Waltz.
ANSWER: Franz Liszt
[10] This French composer used the first prelude of the Well-Tempered Clavier as the theme for his Ave Maria. Marguerite sings
the Jewel aria in his opera Faust.
ANSWER: Charles Gounod
8. Name the following doubly eponymous things from population biology, for 10 points each.
[10] This equation gives some allele frequencies as p-squared, q-squared, and 2pq, based on genotype frequencies.
ANSWER: Hardy-Weinberg equation/principle/whatever
[10] Often known as the predator-prey equations, this pair of non-linear differential equations models the growth of predators and
prey over time given current population and interaction parameters.
ANSWER: Lotka-Volterra equation/s
[10] In lieu of finding an impossible third doubly eponymous, name the S-shaped curve produced by the Verhulst equation. This
curve hits a horizontal asymptote at K, or the carrying capacity.
ANSWER: logistics curve
9. Early in life, he comes under the influence of the optimistic philosopher Pangloss. For 10 points each:
[10] Name this title character who eventually learns that true happiness is tending one’s garden.
ANSWER: Candide
[10] This French author and philosopher wrote the drama Zaire and the satiric novel Zadig in addition to Candide.
ANSWER: Voltaire [or Francois-Marie Arouet]
[10] This faithful servant of Candide finds an El Dorado-like city with his master, and later reunites with him in Venice.
ANSWER: Cacambo
10. Complete normed vector spaces are named for this mathematician. For 10 points each:
[10] Name this Polish mathematician who gives his name to a paradox involving reassembling a sphere into two spheres along
with Tarski.
ANSWER: Stefan Banach
[10] The Banach-Tarski paradox is made possible by this statement, which is equivalent to Zorn’s lemma and can be added to the
axioms of Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory.
ANSWER: the axiom of choice
[10] In 1940, this man proved that the axiom of choice is consistent with the axioms of Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory. He proved
that some mathematical propositions are formally undecidable in his incompleteness theorem.
ANSWER: Kurt Gödel
11. Name the architect and his works, for 10 points each.
[10] This “father of modernism” believed that form follows function; he designed the Chicago Auditorium and mentored Frank
Lloyd Wright.
ANSWER: Louis Henri Sullivan
[10] This 1891 red-brick skyscraper by Sullivan in St. Louis was one of the first steel-framed buildings.
ANSWER: Wainwright Building
[10] The trading room to this Sullivan-designed building was moved whole to the Art Institute of Chicago, as was Sullivan’s
archway that served as its entryway.
ANSWER: Chicago Stock Exchange Building (accept the words in any reasonable order)
th12. This doctrine was pronounced by the papal constitution Ineffabilis Deus on December 8, 1854. For 10 points each: [10] Name this doctrine stating that the Virgin Mary was “preserved exempt from all stain of original sin.” ANSWER: immaculate conception
[10] This Pope from 1846 to 1878 convoked the First Vatican Council and propounded the doctrine of immaculate conception.
ANSWER: Pius IX
[10] The First Vatican Council put forth this convenient doctrine that the Holy Spirit prevents the Pope from error when
proclaiming a doctrine allegedly received through divine revelation.
ANSWER: papal infallibility
13. This character gets pushed down into a cesspool by Nasty Roche, so he is in the infirmary when he learns of Parnell’s
death. For 10 points each:
[10] Name this character, the protagonist of A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. ANSWER: Stephen Dedalus [accept either]
[10] This other James Joyce work contains an appearance by Dedalus, but places more emphasis on Leopold and Molly Bloom.
ANSWER: Ulysses
[10] This Joyce work, whose protagonist is Dedalus, is a precursor to A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man and survives in fragmentary form because a portion was burned after a domestic dispute.
ANSWER: Stephen Hero
14. Name the following characters from Harry Potter...just kidding! Do name these French kings who have nothing to do with
Harry Potter, for 10 points each.
[10] This winning monarch of the War of Devolution didn’t obtain absolute power until Mazarin died, but reigned for 72 years and
was dubbed the “Sun King.”
ANSWER: Louis XIV
[10] This ruler from 1214 to 1270 earned his holy epithet by fashioning France into a “new Jerusalem” and participating in the
Seventh and Eight crusades.
ANSWER: Louis IX or Saint Louis or Louis the Saint
[10] This Louis, the son of Lothair, earned his nickname because he reigned for one year and didn’t get anything significant
accomplished
ANSWER: Louis the Lazy [or V; the Indolent; the Sluggard; le Faineant; Do-Nothing] 15. Their name means “Southern ape.” For 10 points each:
[10] Name this species of proto-humans, variants of which include Afarensis and Africanus. ANSWER: Australopithecus (accept: Australopithecines)
[10] Fossils of Australopithecus robustus and boisei have been found in this ravine in the Great Rift Valley, a treasure trove of pre-
human fossils.
ANSWER: Olduvai Gorge [or Oldupai Gorge]
[10] The subspecies boisei, which bears an uncanny resemblance to Heat forward Shawn Marion and is often known as Nutcracker
Man, was long thought to be a member of the genus Australopithecus. Today, it’s classified as a member of this genus whose name means “beside humans.”
ANSWER: Paranthropus
16. Name these books by Stephen King for 10 points each:
[10] In this excellent early novel, Johnny Smith becomes a reluctant psychic after spending four years in a coma, and prevents a
future nuclear war by destroying Greg Stillson’s burgeoning political career. It was spun off into a movie starring Christopher Walken, and an even better USA network TV series featuring Anthony Michael Hall.
ANSWER: The Dead Zone
[10] The Dead Zone makes a few references to this other King novel about an evil dog, which was also the nickname of longtime
goalie Curtis Joseph.
ANSWER: Cujo
[10] In this 1975 novel, Ben Mears returns to the title town and helps Mark Petrie battle some evil vampires led by Kurt Barlow,
who forces Father Callahan to drink blood from his own neck in one memorably awesome scene.
ANSWER: Salem’s Lot
17. It was eventually defeated by the Soso kingdom. For 10 points each:
[10] Name this empire based in Western Africa, which was founded by the Soninke people, had its capital at Kumbi Saleh, and
shares its name with a modern African country.
ANSWER: Ghana Empire
[10] The Ghana Empire also clashed with this North African Islamic dynasty whose leader Yusuf ibn Tashufin established its
capital at Marrakech in 1062.
ANSWER: Almoravids or Al-Murabitun
[10] In 1086, the Almoravids successfully invaded this modern European country, even though they lost the kingdom of Valencia.
ANSWER: Spain
18. Fajans’s (Fie-yahns) rules state the extent to which this type of bond acts like a covalent bond. For 10 points each:
[10] Name this kind of bond formed by electrostatic attraction, like in NaCl.
ANSWER: ionic bonds
[10] A strange almost-ionic kind of bonding called cation-pi interaction takes place between a monopole and a quadrupole; one
common kind of quadrupole is this simple, aromatic, six-carbon molecule with no permanent dipole moment.
ANSWER: benzene
[10] These types of weak ionic bonds occur between positively and negatively charged side-chains of proteins.
ANSWER: salt bridge [or salt bonds; or ion-pairs]
19. The recency effect and the serial position effect result from relying on this type of memory. For 10 points each:
[10] Identify this type of memory, the retrieval of information without specific cues, which is different from recognition.
ANSWER: recall
[10] Recall is the subject of this Platonic dialogue, which sees Socrates use his method to teach a slave boy how to double the area
of a square, demonstrating that the slave knew it all along and was thus recalling things from a previous life.
ANSWER: the Meno
[10] Information is stored in this type of memory after leaving sensory memory. It is subject to the loss of information through
displacement, and according to George Miller, its “magic number” is seven plus or minus two. ANSWER: short-term memory [or STM]
20. He distinguished between “time” and “duration” in Time and Free Will. For 10 points each: [10] Identify this French philosopher of Matter and Memory.
ANSWER: Henri Bergson
[10] Bergson posited an impulse common to living things called “elan vital” in a book named for the creative type of this process,
which was also described in On the Origin of Species.
ANSWER: evolution
[10] Bergson’s Time and Free Will attacks this earlier philosopher’s confusion of space and time. He discussed the aesthetic
categories of “agreeable,” “beautiful,” “sublime,” and “good” in Critique of Judgment. ANSWER: Immanuel Kant