Some
SomeHotPointsofBambooandRattanintheWorld ;ZHANGXinping
;(ChineseAcademyofForestry,Beijing,100091) ;Abstract:BambooandrattanaremainlydistributedintropicalandsubtropicalareasofAsia,Africa
;andSouthAmericaandarewidelyusedinindustrialandagriculturalproduction,andhaveabroad
;prospectinwholenationaleconomyandpeople’sdailylifeintheworld.Somehotpointsintheirde— ;velopmenttrendarementionedinthepaper,suchasbamboocharcoal,textiles,healthfoodand
;ecologicaltourism.
;Keywords:bambooandrattanresources;bamboocharcoal;textiles;ecologicaltourism;prospect
;ofdevelopment
;摘要竹子和藤类在植物王国中是一个大家族,是森林资源的重要组成部分.世界竹藤植物主要分布
;在亚洲,非洲和南美洲的热带和亚热带地区,竹藤产品及其副产品在世界的农业生产乃至整个国民经
;济及人民生活中有着广泛的用途和发展前景.对目前竹藤开发的几个热点领域——竹炭,保健食品,
;竹纤维和生态旅游的发展趋势进行了阐述.
;关键词竹藤资源竹炭竹纤维生态旅游发展趋势
;Bamboosandrattansareimportantplantsamong ;forestresourcesintheworld.Theyaremainnon—
;woodforestresourceswitheconomic,ecologicaland ;socialbenefits,andarethechiefsubstitutesofwood ;inplacesofwoodshortage.Thereare17millionha ;ofbambooforestsintheworld.with1200more ;species.TheyaremainlydistributedinEastAsia ;andneighborhood.Someofthemaredistributedin ;AfricaandSouthAmerica.Theyarecharacterized ;byfastgrowth,highoutputandhigheconomicben—
;efit.Bambooforestisreputedasgreengolden ;mine”,andmuchimportanceisattachedtothemby
;bambooproducingcountries.
;Rattansareplantsbelongingtopalmfamily.There ;are600species,13generaintheworld.Theyareof ;twokinds.oneisnaturalandtheothercultivated. ;TheyaredistributedinMalaysia,Indonesia,Laos,
Ianka,thePhilippines,Indiaand ;Bangladesh,Sri—
;China.TheyarealsowidelydistributedinAfrica, ;suchasinSenegal,Coted’Ivoire,Ghana,Benin
;andNigeriaofWesternAfrica,andCameroon,the
;CongoandGabonofCentralAfrica,etc.Thedistri—
;butionofindividualrattanspeciesisnoteven.It ;rangesfromthousandsto1or2millionsquareme—
;ters.RattanresourcesofAsiaandAfricaare ;一
;4一一
;sharplyreducedwiththeincreaseofruralpopula—
;tion,damageoftropicalforestsandoveruseofrat—
;tans.ForexampleinChina,only10;20re—
;quirementindomesticmarketcanbemetbyrattan ;supply.InIndia,themaincommercialrattanisless ;seeninoriginalproducingarea;inBangladesh,rat—
;tanprocessingindustrymainlyreliesonimportma—
;terials,butinrecentyears,withthereductionof ;rattanresourcesinneighborcountries,andincrease ;ofimportprice,alotofenterprisesareforcedto ;stopproduction.InSriLanka,theforestareahas ;graduallydecreasedforahundredmoreyears.Inre—
;centyears,theaverageannualreductionis2%.Ac—
;cordinglyrattanresourcesarealsoreduced[,the ;areaoftropicalrainforestsinGhanawasreducedby ;bigmargininrecent20years.20yearsago,16O ;thousandhaofnaturalforestswereconservedin ;Ghana.Itwasreducedby5O10yearsago.Now ;only8Othousandhaareleft.Lastyear,therere—
;mainonlylessthan20thousanclhaF.ThelOSSof ;rattanrsol1rcesisconceivab1e.
;1Bambooproductsofhighnewtechnology ;1.1Utilizationofbamboocharcoalandvinegar ;Inthebeginningof21century,humanityfaces ;
;greatchallenge,becausepeoplesattentionisdrawn ;bythequestionofdwindlingresourcesandsustain;
;abledevelopment.Bambooischaracterizedbyshort ;rotation,easyregeneration,fastgrowth,earlyma—
;turityandeasysustainedmanagement,somoreat—
;tentionispaidtoitbythepeople.Inrecentyears, ;muchprogressinbambooprocessingandutilization ;ismadebyexpertsandscholarsbothforeignanddo—
;mestic,sogreatSuccessinbambooindustrydevel—
;opmenthasbeenachieved.Incaseofindustrialuti—
;lization,besidessometraditionaluses,onewayof ;utilizationisbamboopulpingandpapermakingand ;waremakingfordailyuse;theotherwayisbamboo
;basedpanelmaking.Theboardsarewidelyusedas ;bottomboardsoftrucks,floor,templatesandin ;furnituremaking.Onthewhole,inbamboopro—
;cessing,theactua1rateofbambooutilizationis1ess ;than1/3ofthecuttingrate.Mostofresiduesare ;notwel1used.The1eve1ofmechanizationinham—
;booprocessingislowandcostishigh.Mostofculm ;utilizationisunderextensivemanagement,sothere ;isgreatpotentialityforfurtherutilization.Forfull ;useofbambooresources,increasingvalueaddedof ;productsandopeningupnewmarket,peoplebegin ;topayattentiontochemicaluseofbamboo.Bamboo ;charcoalproductionisoneofsuchuse.Accordingto ;calculationbvFAO,from2020to2050,thecon—
;sumptionrateofcharcoa1wil1be3450millionm.;
;3930m.intheworldrespectively[.Thecalcula—
;tionbytheworldbank,showsthatthecharcoal ;consumptionratein2010wil1be3450millionm.. ;During1996~2010,theincreasingrateis68.As ;thenaturalresourcesintheworldaregraduallyre;
;duced,andnaturalforestprotectionprojectinChina ;iscarriedout,theconsumptionofwoodresourcesis ;restricted.Tofindasubstancesubstitutingwood ;charcoalisimperative.Bamboocharcoalisamain ;productwhichisobtainedbycumandresidueafter ;pyrolyzation,andtheby——productisvinegar.Bam;
;boocharcoalmakingnotonlycangiveeconomic, ;ecologicalandsocialbenefits,butalsocanimprove ;industrilizationdevelopmentandvalueincreasingof ;bambooresources.Bamboocharcoa1isakindof ;newlydevelopedproductrecently.Itsformmaybe ;tubular,striategranular,powderandtechnologi—
;ca1.Itsscopeofutilizationisextremelywide.It ;maybeusedforairandwaterpurification,health ;protection,freekeeping,soilimprovement,deodor—
;ization,electromagneticscreening,etc.Bamboo ;charcoalrepresentsanewdirectionofculmdevelop;
;mentandutilization.Ithasdenseproperty,special ;microporousstructure,withminera1content, ;strongabsorbilityandanionpenetrationfunction.It ;canpurifytapwater,foulwater,runningriver, ;fishingfarm,wetbodyandabsorbperspirationand ;saliva.Itcanbealsousedasmateria1ofresidence ;environment.Forexample,itmaybeputitinto
;floorandwallandcanregulatewatercontent.In ;addition.bamboocharcoa1hasthefunctionofan—
;ions,andcanmaketheresidencecomfortablefor ;livingbypeople.Inrecentyears,2000bamboo ;charcoalsareexportedtoJapanandKoreafromChi—
;na.Therichpeopleofthesecountriesbegantoenjoy ;it.Accordingtoinformation,bambooactivecarbon ;madeaftervaportreatment,hasevenmicroporous ;structure.Thespecificsurfaceareacanincrease ;from500m/gto900m/g.Theyieldofactivecar—
;bonis689/6.Ithasbestabsorbility.Ithasnatural ;fragranceandthefunctionoffarinfraredray.Pil;
;1owsandmatressesmadeofitcancurearthritis. ;andcanletmanenjoyagoodsleep.Bamboochar;
;coalalsohasafunctionofskinprotection.Per;
;fumedsoap,shampooliquidandbeautycreamcan ;bemadeofit,whichcanmakeskinbrighten,fresh ;andcoo1.Charcoalmadeathightemperatureisa ;kindofmaterial,withhighelectricconductivity.It ;hasthecharactersofelectomagneticscreening, ;lightness,fireandheatresistance,andchemical ;stability.Itcanbeusedinmakingelectronicinstru;
;ments,vehicles,aircraft,andasnew,highgrade ;constructionmaterials[5:.Besides,itcanbeusedin ;foodprocessing.
;Japanesepeopleputstickcharcoalorhightern;
;peraturecharcoalintoricewhichisboiled.Itcan ;makericefragrant.Theyusebamboocharcoalto ;filterwine(Japanesericewine),andproduceakind ;ofnewwinewithspecialtaste.namelyJapanese ;whisky.Yellowpaperboxmadewithbamboochar一
;————
;
;coalcankeepfruitandvegetablefresh.Besidesit ;canbeused3sfieldcookingfuelforroasting,being ;cleananddelightfu1.Bamboovinegarisakindof ;complexreddishbrownliquid,andcanbeusedas ;additiveoffodderandpesticide.Inpharmacy,it ;maybeusedas3ningradientinaprescriptionto ;curestomachtroubleandtoprotectskin,or3san ;additivetosmokedfood.Methylalcoholandacetic ;acidcanbealsoextractedfromit,moreover,itis3n ;activematterofmicroorganism,used3ssoildisin—
;fectant,compostfermentingagentandplantgrowth
;regulatorijo
;Accordingtoinformation,bamboovinegar ;mixedatacertainratiowithbamboocharcoalcan ;leadtosoilimprovement,andcanimprovethe ;growthofcroproots,withfruityield,andwith ;fruitqualityimproved.Besides,bamboovinegar ;hasalotofmixedheterocyclicmatter,andcandis—
;Dellinsects,so,itcanbeusedasanthelmintic. ;Bamboocharcoalandvinegararewidelyusedinin—
;dustryagricultureandemcirnomentalprotection ;fieldinJapanandKorea.Evennowthetotalcon—
;sumptionisnothigh,but,itispredicted,withthe ;gradualdevelopmentofnewproductsintheenviro—
;mentalprotectionfield,bamboowillbecome3new ;hottopic.Forexample,inJapan,compositionanal—
;ysisismadeofvinegarfrom5yearsoldmoso.A ;testofitseffectonseedgerminationandgrowthis ;carried()ut.Resultsshowthatthetotalrateofor—
;ganicmatteris7.7/00,withvinegarbeingabout ;58.7..
;Bamboovinegarsprayinghasstrongeffectonseed ;germinationandgrowthinhibition.Intheviewof ;developmenttrendofbamboocharcoalandvinegar ;inthefuture,newfieldofdevelopmentshouldbe ;openedup.Such3sstudyoncharcoalpreparation, ;whichcanbeusedtoremovenuclearradioactivityof ;radiatedpatientsandthepoisonousmatterinthe ;courseofmetabolizminhumanbody.Itcanbeused ;aselectrodematerialofmicroelectronics,functional ;materialsofallkindsofcomposite,andforstorage ;ofenergymaterialsofhighdensity(hydrogen, ;methane).Itisalsousedinseparatingandrefining ;ofhighly——purematter.Inthemedicalfieldre—
;searchshouldbeconductedintreatingdiabetesand ;difficultandcomplicatedcases.Itcanbeforecasted ;thatbamboocharcoalandvinegarwillhave3posi—
;tion3s3newtypematerialinthehighnewtechno—
;logicalfield.
;1.2Developmentofbamboomedicalandhealth ;products
;Inrecentyears,withtheraisingofeconomy, ;moreandmorecustomersattentionarepaidto ;healthfood.Studyonmedicalvalue,pharmacology ;andbiologicalefficiencyofbamboosdrawspeople’s
;attentiontomedical,foodandnutrientfieldsindo—
;mesticandforeigncountries.Lateron,bamboo ;medicine,beverage,andmedicalfoodaredevel—
;oDed,andsomeofthemoncearesoldonmarket, ;theyarewelcomedbythepeople.Meantime,re—
;markableeconomicbenefitisachieved.Bamboo ;shootis3kindoffoodwithhighnutritivevalue, ;freshanddelicious,andissoldwel1.Ithasbecome ;3pillarindustryforutilizationofbambooresources. ;Anditisahealthfoodoflowfatandlesspollution. ;Itisnotonlywelcomedbypeopleinbamboopro—
;ducingcountries,butisalsolikebypeopleofNorth ;AmericaandWesternEurope.InJapan,theaver- ;ageconsumptionofbambooshootincreasedfrom ;1.2kgin1950sto3kgnow.Especiallyinrecent ;vears,highlevelconsumptionleadstodiversityof ;demand.Therearedifferentlifehabitsandtastesin ;differentplaces.Tomeetthefasttempooflifeand ;demandoftourismdevelopment,various0fshoots ;foreasypreservation,easycarrying,andconvement ;usearedeveloped,suchasbaggedshoot,canned ;shoot,touristproduct,andpurenaturalproduct ;withoutchemicaladditives.Thelatterisparticular—
;lywelcomedbythepeople.Moreover,bamboo ;shoothashungersatisfyingandweightreducing ;effect.Itisalso3goodexportproducttoearnfor—
;eignexchange.Inrecentyears,thebambooproduc—
;ingprovincesinsouthChinaalsopayattentionto ;bambooby-——productswhiletheydevelopbamboo ;industry.Especiallytheyspendeffortsindevelop—
;ingbamboodrink.Theflavonenutrientcontaining ;lactonessuch3sbamboole3fflavoneglucosideand ;coumarinisdevelopedbyZhejiangscientists.Bam—
;
;boobeer”istheproductdevelopedandsoldonmar—
;ket.Theserialdrinksmadeofbambooleavesare ;bambooleafjuice,carbonicdrink,bambooleaf ;wine,bambooleafcrystalsetc.Inaddition. ;Phyllostachysglauceleafhealthdrinkandmixed ;drinkofpineneedleandbambooleaf.etc.These ;drinkshavethefunctionsofbloodfatreduction,hy—
;pertension,antipyresis.diuresisandbeingcon—
;ducivetomentalsobriety.Developmentofedible ;pigmentisalsodevelopedrecently.Naturalpigment
;canbeextractedfromchlorophyllrichinbamboo ;leaves7.Thischlorophyllwithoutpoisonandpecu—
;lJarsmellisfreshincolorandedible.Withbamboo ;leafasrawmateria1.chlorophyllketosodiumsalt ;canbemade.Thissalthasbeenconsideredasnatu—
;ralpigmentadditivebymanycountriesandwidely ;usedinbeverage,milk,sweets.cannedfoodand ;cakes.So,themedicaluseofbamboochlorophyll ;ketosodiumsaltandhealthproductshavebroad ;prospectofdevelopment.
;1.3Manufactureofbamboofibertextiles ;Manufactureofbamboofibertextilesoriginated ;fromJapan.Withtheincreasingconcernaboutenvi—
;ronmentandresourcesproblemsbyhumanity.barn—
;booproductsaremoreandmoreinpeople’sfavor.
;Itsconsumptionhasbecomeafashion.Bamboo ;culmisarenewableresource,andisinexhaustible. ;Toproduceapieceofbambooproductneedslessen—
;ergyconsumedthanplasticandmetalproduct,and ;lessenvironmentalpollutioniscaused.Nowadays. ;bamboofibertextileisnotonlyaproductofhigh ;technology,butalsoanewproductofhighadded ;value.Thematerialofcottontextilefortheoutside ;ofgarmentsmaybecottonfiber.chemicalfiberand ;flaxfiber.Withtheraisingoflivingstandard,the ;materialsofcottonandflaxfiberaremorewe1comed ;bypeople,becausethesetwohavebetterfunctions ;ofventilationandeasytoremovesweat.Bamboo ;fibertextilehasbeenonmarketinJapan.Itissuit—
;ableformakingsuminercloththanothertextiles. ;Testsshowthatbamboofiberhasaseriesofadvan—
;tagesoverthatofcottonfibers.Atfirst,inviewof ;fiberstructure,itscrosssectionhasmanvelliptical ;pores,whichfacilitatequickabsorptionandevapo—
;rationofmoisture.Perspirationcanbesoonre.. ;movedfrombody,so,suminerclothesmadeof ;bamboofibertextilecanmakeyoufeelCOOlineIe—
;gantdemeanor.Theotheradvantageislightness ;andsoftness,crease—proofnexttotheskinIs~.
;Moreover,ithasthefunctionofultravioletresis—
;tance.Testsshowthatitslightpenetrationisonly ;0.06underirradiationofultravioletray.while ;thatofflax,silkandcottonis25.So,bamboo ;fiberclothingcaneffectivelyresistirradiationoful—
;travioletray,andhastheskinbetterprotected. ;WiththeraisingofeconomicdevelopmentinChina ;andthestrongpropensityofreturningtooriginal ;naturalstatus.inapparelwhatonepursueislash—
;ionandindividualization.Butthepriceofbamboo ;fibertextileishigh.Asetoffemaleclothingmay ;cost400USD.However,itisalsowelcomedbythe ;people.Nowadays,thescientistsofChinahaveal—
;readysucceededinsilkreelingandsofteningofbarn—
;boofiber.Thisisthekeyofthetechnology.Itnot ;onlyshouldbeuptothestandardofenvironmenta1 ;protection,butalsoshouldbefineandeven.The ;productsturnedoutareclot’hing,tableclothsand
;shoes.Furtherresearchesareunderwaytoimprov—
;ingthecolor,fiberlengthandevenness.Thenew ;productisoflowcost,highqualityandnewerenvi—
;ronmentalprotection.Ithasdrawntheattentionof ;thebambooproducingareasandthetextileindustry ;theworldover.Wehopetheconcerneddevelop.. ;mentsformulatetradestandard,uniformtechnical ;specificationnice,andtrademarktodevelopmarket ;toensurethesteadydevelopmentofbamboofiber ;textj1as.
;2Bambooecologicaltourism
;Nowadays,ecologicaltourismisahotspot. ;“Returntonature”and”foresttourism”havebe—
;comeafad,soenvironmentalutilizationofbamboo ;forestsshouldbestrengthened.Withtheincreaseof ;culturallevelofthepeople,theunderstandingof ;ecologicalbenefitofbambooforestisalsodeepened. ;Ecologicalfunctionaluseisnotonlylimitedtosoil ;andwaterconservation,conservationofwatersup—
;plyandenvironmentalprotection,butbamboo ;一
;7一
;
;forestsshouldbetransformedintoscenicforestsfor ;developmentoftourism.Tourismhasbecomea ;mostprofitabletradewhichdevelopmostfastinthe ;world.Andwillmaintainamomentumofvigorous ;development.Inincomeoftourismis6oftotal ;GNPintheworld,withanannualincreaseof6. ;InSingapore,MalaysiaandThailand,theannual ;increaseofinternationaltouristsisl0,andthere—
;ceptioncapacityincreasesoverl7.Thequota ;sharedis40intheworld..InChina,domestic ;touristswere980millionin2000,foreignvisitors ;were82.10million.Theforeignexchangeearned ;was20300millionUSD.Theto?