British Council online bulletin JULY 2008
News on EU Research Policy and Programmes
Table of contents
EU Policy ........................................................................................................................................... 2 Plan to ease researchers‟ mobility .................................................................................................. 2 Three more ERA expert group reports available ............................................................................ 3 Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking adopted ..................................................................... 3 ERC Scientific Council membership ............................................................................................... 4 Europe increases investment in robotics research ......................................................................... 4 Food for Life ETP updates Implementation Plan ............................................................................ 4 GMES of high importance within new European Space Policy ...................................................... 5 Recommendations for European biobanking ................................................................................. 5 A civil-society view on urban mobility ............................................................................................. 6 Fifth forest technology platform conference ................................................................................... 6 EUREKA get-together ..................................................................................................................... 7 New ESA co-operation agreements ............................................................................................... 7 Call for proposals for Erasmus for young entrepreneurs ................................................................ 8 Research News ................................................................................................................................. 8 Female fertility and household chemicals ....................................................................................... 8 Partnership for European Environmental Research ....................................................................... 8 Apes need diaries ........................................................................................................................... 9 Organic cows are in better „moo‟d .................................................................................................. 9 Education, Training and Culture ................................................................................................... 10 Selection of students and staff for Erasmus Mundus ................................................................... 10 Erasmus programme awarded excellence prize .......................................................................... 10 European Qualifications Framework ............................................................................................ 11 External Collaboration ................................................................................................................... 11 Japan based European researchers have links back home ......................................................... 11 EU and India cooperation in food and health research ................................................................ 12 Russia takes first step to become an FP7 associated country ..................................................... 12 Events and Awards ........................................................................................................................ 13 Awards for outstanding mobility projects ...................................................................................... 13 ISSUE: E1 08:07 – JULY 2008 1
GMES forum to be held in Lille ..................................................................................................... 13 Nanoforum 2008 ........................................................................................................................... 13 SOLID-DER project - second international conference ................................................................ 14 Bioenergy 2008 conference .......................................................................................................... 14 First aviation CO2 conference ...................................................................................................... 15 New Publications and Online Resources .................................................................................... 15 Goodbye EU researchers‟ portal, hello EURAXESS .................................................................... 15 Find an FP7 project online ............................................................................................................ 15 New publication on European Technology Platforms ................................................................... 16 ResearchGATE: a new scientific network .................................................................................... 16 CORDIS ........................................................................................................................................ 16 IGLO Project Search ..................................................................................................................... 17 EUR-LEX (Official Journal C and L) ............................................................................................. 17 EUROPA ....................................................................................................................................... 17 RAPID ........................................................................................................................................... 17 cubed… from the British Council .................................................................................................. 17 Talking Science............................................................................................................................. 17 GLOSSARY ..................................................................................................................................... 18
EU Policy
Plan to ease researchers’ mobility
The EC has published a long awaited Communication, relating to an initiative which was originally
called the researchers‟ passport, but is now entitled „Better careers and more mobility: a European
Partnership for Researchers‟. The term „passport‟ was thought to give the impression that the
initiative was only about mobility despite its broader scope, hence the change of title and use of the
term „partnership‟. The EC is seeking a partnership with Member States to ensure that the
necessary scientific and technological human resources are available to contribute to the European
knowledge-based economy.
The Communication proposes that commitment should be made to achieve progress by 2010 to a
systematically open recruitment process by European research institutions; to meet the social
security and pension needs of mobile researchers; provide attractive employment and working
conditions such as improved contractual terms, salaries and career development; and ensure that
researchers have the required skill to capitalise on their knowledge by creating stronger links
between universities and industry. Researchers are amongst the most mobile categories of
workers and are more likely to be confronted with the kinds of obstacles and challenges that the
European partnership for researchers seeks to address.
Further information
EC Press Releases IP/08/802 and MEMO/08/343 of 27 May 2008 are available at:
http://europa.eu/rapid/
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Three more ERA expert group reports available
Following on from the European Research Area (ERA) Green Paper published in April last year,
the EC established seven independent expert groups to make recommendations on the different
topics covered in the Green Paper. The expert groups on „knowledge sharing in the ERA‟,
„optimising research programmes and priorities‟ and „realising a single labour market for
researchers‟ have recently published their reports.
The „knowledge sharing‟ report examines possible measures for improving knowledge transfer in
the ERA, and makes a series of recommendations for future action. It starts by outlining general
conclusions, policy options, funding instruments and the idea of a European code of practice for
knowledge sharing. It goes on to make a series of recommendations concerning, amongst other
things, the treatment of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR), the need to develop model IPR
guidelines, and for Member States to provide funding to protect research results.
The „optimising research programmes‟ report encourages stakeholders to elaborate on an „ERA-
frame‟ as a means of developing common guiding principles for future trans-national collaborations.
It goes on to make a series of concrete recommendations for Member States and the EC. In this
respect the report urges the EC to: systematically and individually evaluate all ERA mechanisms,
and develop a common framework for principles and operative guidelines (the ERA-Frame);
develop common guidance and tools for implementing ERA mechanisms; and ensure the sharing
of best practice in terms of trans-national coordination and joint programming. The „single labour market‟ report makes recommendations around four proposed cornerstones focusing on the
attractiveness of researchers‟ careers; mobility; social security and pensions and the European
Charter and Code.
Further information
Further information on the ERA Green Paper debate can be found at:
http://ec.europa.eu/research/era/consultation-era_en.html
All of the expert groups report that are currently available, including the three highlighted above,
are available at: http://ec.europa.eu/research/era/progress-on-debate/expert-groups-
analyses_en.html
Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking adopted
The EU's Competitiveness Council recently adopted the regulation establishing the Fuel Cell and
Hydrogen Joint Technology Initiative (FCH JTI). The main objective of this JTI is to speed up the
development of fuel cells and hydrogen technologies in Europe and enable their commercialisation
between 2010 and 2020. The JTI is expected to run from 2008 to 2017, the EC is expected to fund
?470 million from FP7 for a period of six years, which will be at least matched by contributions from
industry. The first calls for proposals are expected to be published after the summer.
In terms of implementation the FCH JTI will be led by a Governing Board and assisted by a
Scientific Committee of high level personalities. Daily management and operations will be the
responsibility of an Executive Director supported by the Programme Office which will be located in
Brussels. The Member States Representatives Group will monitor the work and ensure synergies
with national programmes. The Stakeholders' General Assembly will be held on an annual basis
and be open to all public and private stakeholders, the first Stakeholders' General Assembly is
expected to be held on 14 - 15 October 2008 in Brussels.
Further information
EC Press Release IP/08/025 of 30 May 2008 is available at: http://europa.eu/rapid/
ISSUE: E1 08:07 – JULY 2008 3
Further information on the Fuel Cells and Hydrogen Joint Undertaking is available at: https://www.hfpeurope.org/hfp/jti
ERC Scientific Council membership
Three eminent scientists have recently stepped down from the Scientific Council of the ERC. Professor Manuel Castells of the Open University of Catalonia, Professor Paul J. Crutzen of the Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz and Professor Lord May of the University of Oxford have all resigned for personal reasons. The Scientific Council is the highest and most important decision-making body of the ERC. The EC have put in place an independent and transparent procedure for identifying new members in their place. Among the criteria, members of the Scientific Council must individually have an undisputed reputation as research leaders. The EC is expected to complete the identification process over the coming months so that a renewed membership can be announced in early 2009.
On another note, the first contracts of the ERC Starting Grant have recently been signed. The first ever Starting Grant call, which closed in 2007, had an overall budget of ?335 million, which translated to around 300 projects being funded. The ERC has just announced that the first of these grants are now being issued. It is expected that most of the grant agreements will have been sent for signing by the end of June. Final statistics and a complete list of Starting Grant winners will be published after the signing of all grants has been completed.
Further information
The ERC website is available at: http://erc.europa.eu/index.cfm
Additional information on the Scientific Council membership is available at:
http://erc.europa.eu/pdf/New_ScC_members.pdf
Further details on the signature of the first ERC grants is available at:
http://erc.europa.eu/pdf/Signing_first_StG.pdf
Europe increases investment in robotics research
The EC recently announced its intention of doubling investments in robotics research between 2007 and 2010 through funding in the information communication technology (ICT) priority in FP7. The announcement was made at a leading international trade fair in robotics and automation, AUTOMATICA 2008. The EC also called on industry to increase efforts in producing components in Europe, to avoid dependencies on other regions and to be able to compete globally.
The EU has a strong track record in the field of industrial robotics, with around 33 per cent of all industrial robots currently produced in Europe. The robotics market looks set to increase in the future, both within the manufacturing domain and in other areas. The use of professional service robots is expected to nearly double between 2006 and 2010, with robots being used in areas such as agriculture, for medical applications and for cleaning vehicles. As part of the initiative, the EC is looking at setting up a technology transfer scheme between industry and academia, to enable leading European research labs to use robots of industrial strength for experimentation, and feeding the results back to the companies involved.
Further information
EC Press Release IP/08/910 of 10 June 2008 is available at: http://europa.eu/rapid/
Food for Life ETP updates Implementation Plan
The latest version of the Implementation Action Plan (IAP) of the Food for Life European Technology Platform (ETP) is now available. The IAP focuses on activities and actions related to ISSUE: E1 08:07 – JULY 2008 4
the following three major thrusts for the food sector; improving health, well-being and longevity; building consumer trust in the food chain and supporting sustainable and ethical production. The IAP explains how the research priorities that were identified in the Strategic Research Agenda (SRA) of the Food for Life ETP, which was published in September 2007, can be implemented.
The SRA focussed on the scientific and technological research requirements in the following areas: food and health; food quality and manufacturing; food and consumer; food safety; sustainable food production; and food chain management. The IAP has been subjected to stakeholders‟ consultations and illustrates activities required by the Food for Life ETP and its stakeholders to facilitate the process required to address the key thrusts. While the SRA focused on topics and themes, the IAP focuses on activities and actions.
Further information
The Food for Life website is available at: http://etp.ciaa.be/asp/home/welcome.asp
The revised Implementation Plan is available at:
http://etp.ciaa.eu/asp/news_events/detailed_doc.asp?doc_id=175&cat=Events
GMES of high importance within new European Space Policy
In 2007, the European Space Agency (ESA) and the EU jointly launched the European Space Policy (ESP). The Global Monitoring for Environment and Security (GMES) system and the Galileo satellite navigation system are currently the policy‟s two main pillars. In addition, ESP affects
several other policy areas, including telecommunications, research and innovation, enterprise, the environment and security.
The GMES system was launched in 1998 as a joint EU-ESA programme. The GMES initiative aims to provide the seamless and invisible link between all the divergent space-based and terrestrial technologies in order to maximise the value of earth observation for society and the economy. Whilst the overarching objective of GMES services is to help improve the environmental safety and overall security of European citizens and the European economy, it also supports the implementation of many other EU policies and initiatives, such as the European contribution to the worldwide Global Earth Observation System of Systems (GEOSS). Although a generation of GMES activities funded by the ESA and FP6 has come to an end, the development of GMES core and downstream services is now funded through FP7.
Further information
Further information about GMES and the European Space Policy is available at:
http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/e_i/news/article_6969_en.htm
Recommendations for European biobanking
The European Science Foundation (ESF), and the European Medical Research Councils (EMRC) have published a policy briefing entitled „Population Surveys and Biobanking‟. The report includes recommendations to strengthen Europe‟s position in the field. Population surveys and biobanking
of individuals‟ health data have major benefits such as offering a more precise classification of diseases to improve treatments and prevention. A healthier population can reduce the need for healthcare resources and increase productivity due to a healthier workforce.
There are various recommendations contained within the report and they include the following; increasing the scope of population surveys and biobanking to include risk factors relating to diseases and to integrate population based biobanks and hospital based populations; having studies on ageing in parallel to those on disease; Taking a practical approach by mapping the activities which already exist and co-ordinate conference activities across Europe; and making ISSUE: E1 08:07 – JULY 2008 5
efforts for harmonisation at a global level. It is also proposed that there should be better data
integration and sample sharing, for example, to enable transparent, integrated access across
biobanks. Greater attention should also be given to the ethical, legal, social, and political aspects of
population surveys and biobanking.
Further information
Further information and the „Population Surveys and Biobanking‟ report is available at:
http://www.esf.org/publications/policy-briefings.html
A civil-society view on urban mobility
At the recent „MOVE TOGETHER‟ launch conference in Brussels, civil-society organisations were
able to present their views on EU research for sustainable urban transport and provide input into
the EC‟s Green paper, entitled „Towards a new culture for urban mobility‟. The event was hosted by the European Economic and Social Committee (EESC). Funded under FP7, „MOVE TOGETHER‟
is a project co-ordinated by the Institute of Studies for the Integration of Systems in Italy. The other
project partners include: the Interdisciplinary Centre for Comparative Research in the Social
Sciences (ICCR, Austria), Missions Publiques (France) and ADELPHI Research (Germany). The
project focuses on raising citizens‟ awareness and appreciation of EU research on sustainable
transport in the urban environment.
At the launch event stakeholders saw presentations given by speakers including András Siegler,
Director of the Transport Directorate of DG RTD. The project has organised two focus groups of 27
lay citizens selected randomly from all the EU Member States to become informed on the EU
urban transport research and give their appreciation of research efforts and achievements. The
citizens presented their views to various stakeholders and EU policy makers at the launch
conference.
Further information
EU Press Release CES/08/53 of 9 June 2008 is available at: http://europa.eu/rapid
Further details on the „MOVE TOGETHER‟ launch conference are available at: http://www.move-
together.net
Fifth forest technology platform conference
At the fifth Forest Technology Platform (FTP) conference held recently in Slovenia, speakers
addressed the need for further innovation in forest technology. FTP is one of the European
Technology Platforms, public-private partnerships endorsed by the EC with the aim to enhance
sectoral research and development programmes. FTP has mobilised a pan-European network of
forest-based industries, forest owners, the scientific community, educators, policy makers and
funding bodies. The FTP has developed a joint vision for the sector, as well as a roadmap for
research and development, both of which are presently being implemented. These achievements
have been summarised in a booklet titled, „Forest-Based Sector Technology Platform – The First
years‟.
Speakers from business, research and the EU institutions discussed their ideas about how to make
innovation in forest-based business work. It became clear that innovation affects many aspects of
the sector‟s activities, such as creating added value, dealing with increased scarcity of raw
materials, and changing ways of communicating about the sector‟s role in a rapidly changing society. The challenges to the sector, for example, in terms of increasing competition for land and
raw materials for energy, agricultural and other uses, require integrated and cross-sectoral
approaches.
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Further information
Additional information on the conference is available at:
http://ec.europa.eu/research/agriculture/ftpc5-conference_en.htm The booklet on “The Forest-Based Sector Technology Platform – The First years” can be downloaded at:
http://www.forestplatform.org/easydata/customers/ftp/files/New_files/ftp_first_years_final_web.pdf
EUREKA get-together
Earlier this month, a Ministerial Conference on EUREKA took place in Ljubljana, Slovenia. The
event, hosted by the Slovenian presidency to the EU, saw the accession of the Former Yugoslav
Republic of Macedonia to EUREKA. There were 38 members, including the EC, at the meeting.
The European Commissioner for Science and Research, Mr Janez Potočnik, highlighted the
important role of EUREKA in contributing to the competitiveness of European industry.
During the Slovenian Presidency, Slovenia has focussed on revising the EUREKA strategy in the
context of the renewed focus on the European Research Area (ERA). The EU-EUREKA relations
are currently being strengthened through close co-operation in the Joint Technology Initiatives
(JTIs) on embedded systems (ARTEMIS) and on nanoelectronics (ENIAC). EUREKA and the EU
have also co-operated through the Eurostars initiative which aims at supporting SMEs. EUREKA
has existed since 1985, and aims to promote European competitiveness through focusing on
collaborative market-oriented research and development. The network supports cutting-edge
industrial R&D using a combination of public and private funding.
Further information
EC Press Release IP/08/901 of 6 June 2008 is available at: http://europa.eu/rapid/
Further information on EUREKA is available at www.eureka.be New ESA co-operation agreements
On 28 May 2008, Slovenia and the European Space Agency (ESA) signed a co-operation
agreement. Slovenia‟s Prime Minister, Janez Janša, confirmed that his government is ready to give support to this new agreement. In the past few years there has been contact between ESA and
Slovenia on a regular basis. In 2006 a Slovenian delegation visited ESA‟s European Space Research and Technology Centre (ESTEC). As a follow up, there was an exchange of information
between an ESA delegation and the State Secretary in the Ministry of Higher Education, Mr Lesjak.
It is expected that Slovenia will become a European Co-operating State in a few years, with an
increased financial contribution to space activities. Estonia and Slovenia are the most recent EU
Member States to sign a Co-operation Agreement with ESA, and several other EU members have
expressed interest in participating in ESA‟s activities.
Argentina is a country that has a long established co-operation with ESA. Argentina signed its Co-
operation Agreement with ESA in September 2003, and the Agreement was recently extended for
a period of five years. An ESA delegation was also in Buenos Aires to discuss the possible
installation of a Deep Space Ground Station (35 m antenna) that would provide support to ESA‟s
space exploration programme, for future scientific missions, in particular ExoMars and Mars Rover.
Further information
Further information is available at:
http://www.esa.int/home-ind/ESA-Article-fullArticle_par-02_1210071294051.html and
http://www.esa.int/esaCP/SEMIMOUG3HF_index_0.html ISSUE: E1 08:07 – JULY 2008 7
Call for proposals for Erasmus for young entrepreneurs
The EC has launched a call for proposals to support intra-EU partnerships-aimed implementing mobility schemes for young EU entrepreneurs. The call aims at providing grants to projects allowing talented young EU entrepreneurs to spend periods of work in an experienced entrepreneur's company in another EU Member State with the purpose of facilitating exchange of experiences and networking. By funding these European partnerships which are enhancing the mobility of nascent entrepreneurs, the EC objectives are: the exchange of experience and information among entrepreneurs with regard to obstacles and challenges in the creation and development of their businesses; training of young entrepreneurs allowing them to successfully start and develop their new business ideas; market access and identification of potential partners for new businesses in other EU countries; inter-cultural learning by developing knowledge and experience of other European countries.
This call comprises two lots with two different types of activity: (i) European partnerships enhancing the mobility of nascent entrepreneurs and (ii) coordination, support and networking at European level linked to the first activity. Submissions of proposals are open until 20 August 2008. Further information
The full text of the call for proposals and the application forms are available on the following website: http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/funding/index.htm
Research News
Female fertility and household chemicals
There are over 100,000 chemicals in use in the EU that are found in many household products ,including plastic softeners used in childrens‟ toys, and artificial scents found in air
fresheners. Very little is known about the effect of these on human health and the environment. A new ?2.9 million EU-funded project aims to address some of this deficit in knowledge by examining
the effect of everyday chemicals on female fertility. The project is one of three belonging to the ?10 million Network for Environmental Chemical Toxicants Affecting Reproduction (NECTAR), and is called Reproductive Effects of Environmental Chemicals in Females (REEF).
The effect of chemicals on Male fertility has been the subject of much interest in recent years; however, this will be the first time that female fertility has been examined. Over the next three years REEF will study how chemicals are passed from mother to foetus. Although these chemicals do not yet appear to have affected the fertility of animals, there is mounting evidence that future generations could have problems due to their exposure to environmental chemicals in the womb. Further information
Further information is available at:
http://cordis.europa.eu/search/index.cfm?fuseaction=news.document&N_RCN=29543
Partnership for European Environmental Research
Since April 2008 the UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH) has taken over the chairmanship of the Partnership for European Environmental Research (PEER) for a period of two years. PEER is considered one of the most powerful European networks in the environmental sciences; it has seven partners across Europe, a total staff number of 4700, and an overall annual budget of ?230 ISSUE: E1 08:07 – JULY 2008 8
million. PEER includes leading research institutions in Italy, UK, the Netherlands, Germany, Finland, France and Denmark.
During its chairmanship, CEH will focus on the implementation of two innovative projects on climate policy coherence and national adaptation strategies which will be jointly financed by the partners. The results of these projects will be presented at international policy forums including the Conference of the Parties of the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. The partnership aims to contribute to the development of the European Research Area as well as foster innovative interdisciplinary research and cross-cutting approaches in support of national and European policy-makers, industry and society. During its chairmanship, CEH will signal the launch of a new PEER Newsletter and website and encourage further shared activities, such as an enhanced mapping of joint expertise and the launch of a new European Biodiversity Network.
Further information
Further information is available at:
http://www.ceh.ac.uk/news/news_archive/2008_news_item_08.html
Apes need diaries
Research funded by the EU has discovered proof that non-human species plan for their future, a trait that was previously only thought to be attributable to humans. The work was supported through the „Stages in the evolution and development of sign use‟ (SEDSU) project, which is financed through the „New and emerging science and technology‟ (NEST) activity of the Sixth Framework Programme (FP6). The research which was conducted at Lund University in Sweden has been published in the journal „Animal Cognition‟. According to the journal, this study 'is the first to provide conclusive evidence of advanced planning capacities in non-human species.'
The apes were each shown a hose and how it could be used to get fruit soup, a popular ape delicacy. They were then tempted with their favourite fruit alongside the hose. This was to test their ability to suppress the choice of the immediate reward (their favourite fruit) in favour of a tool (the hose), which would lead to a larger reward in the form of fruit soup some 70 minutes later. The outcome of the study was that the apes chose the hose more frequently than their favourite fruit leading the researchers to believe the apes make choices in favour of future needs. Further information
Further information is available at:
http://cordis.europa.eu/search/index.cfm?fuseaction=news.document&N_RCN=29573
Organic cows are in better ‘moo’d
EU-funded research has shown that cows allowed to graze naturally produce better quality milk. The Quality Low Input Food (QLIF) project, which received ?12.4 million in funding from FP6, was
led by the University of Newcastle. The consortium is made up of over 30 partners from both academia and industry. The study itself involved 109 milk samples from 25 commercial farms in South Wales and the north-east of England. The researchers looked at three different farming systems: conventional high input, organically certified, and non-organic sustainable (low-input).
The research has shown that grazing cows from organic farms produce milk containing significantly higher beneficial fatty acids, antioxidants and vitamins than their conventional 'high input' counterparts. This supports the claims that organic food is more nutritious than non-organically grown produce. Gillian Butler, who led the study, stated, “We have known for some time that what
cows are fed has a big influence on milk quality. What is different about this research is it clearly shows that on organic farms, letting cows graze naturally, using forage-based diet, is the most ISSUE: E1 08:07 – JULY 2008 9
important aspect behind the differences in the composition between organic and conventional
milk.”
Further information
The project website is available at: http://www.qlif.org
Education, Training and Culture
Selection of students and staff for Erasmus Mundus
More than 2,000 students and 450 teaching staff have been selected to receive an Erasmus
Mundus scholarship for the academic year 2008/09. These scholarship recipients are from outside
Europe and spend time at an institution which offers a Master‟s degree as part of a European higher education institution consortium. In total 17 new partnerships have been selected in 2008
which includes 62 universities from 28 different countries. These partnerships allow European
higher education institutions, scholars and students to strengthen their ties with higher education
systems in other parts the world. This completes the first phase of Erasmus Mundus, from 2004-
2008. Over this period more than 6,000 students and 1,000 teaching staff will have been given a
scholarship to contribute to Master‟s course.
The second phase of Erasmus Mundus, from 2009-2013, is expected to start in 2009 with a budget
of ?950 million. The main new feature of this second phase will be the introduction of joint doctoral
programmes, as well as increased scholarships for European students to go to third countries, and
intensified cooperation with third country higher education institutions. In addition, the new proposal
integrates a mobility scheme for all levels of higher education.
Further information
EC Press Release IP/08/881 of 5 June 2008 is available at: http://europa.eu/rapid/
Erasmus programme awarded excellence prize
The Erasmus programme recently received a „prize for excellence in integrating young people into the workforce‟ for its work in promoting excellence in the professional integration of young people.
The prize was awarded by the NoviaSalecedo Foundation of Bilbao.
At the award ceremony held in Bilbao, the European Commissioner for Education, Training,
Culture and Youth, Ján Figel', highlighted the achievements of the Erasmus programme, adding
that it is a European success story. The Erasmus programme has been supporting mobility of
students since 1987, where 3,244 students benefited from the scheme. Erasmus now supports
around 160,000 students annually, and aims to have supported three million Erasmus students by
2012. Erasmus is part of the wider Lifelong Learning Programme (LLP), supporting activities at
school, college, university, in the workplace and in the community.
Further information
EC Press Release IP/08/776 of 21 May 2008 is available at: http://europa.eu/rapid/
Further information on the Lifelong Learning Programme, including Erasmus, can be found at:
http://ec.europa.eu/education/programmes/llp/index_en.html ISSUE: E1 08:07 – JULY 2008 10