PART I THE LOCOMOTOR SYSTEM
The locomotor system includes bones?joints and muscles?
Chapter 1 Osteology (Bone System)
Section 1 General Description 一、 Classification of Bones
According to their shape?four kinds of bones are classified?Those are long?short?flat and
irregular bones?
1 Long Bones? a shaft or body and two ends or extremities
2 Short Bones
3 Flat Bones
4 Irregular Bones
In addiction, sesamoid bone.
二、 The Structure of Bones
Bones consist of bony substance, periosteum and bone marrow, and are abundant in blood
and nerve supply.
1 Bony Substance: the compact or dense bone and
the cancellous or spongy bone
2 Periosteum
3 Bone Marrow : the red marrow and the yellow marrow 4 The blood and nerve of bones
三、 The Chemical Composition and Physical Properties of Bones
The organic component ? resilience and toughness
The inorganic component ? hardness and rigidity
四、 The Functions of Bones
Section 2 The Bones of Trunk
The bones of trunk include the vertebrae, the sternum, and the ribs.
一、 The Vertebrae
number child adult
cervical vertebrae 7 7
thoracic vertebrae 12 12
lumbar vertebrae 5 5
sacral vertebrae 5 1
coccygeal vertebrae 3?4 1
：一， General Features of the Vertebrae
vertebral body ? vertebral foramen
vertebral arch ? pedicles and laminae
seven processes, viz.,
four articular and two transverse
processes and a spine
intervertebral foramen
：二， The Main Characteristics of Vertebrae in Each Region
1 The cervical vertebrae (7 in number)
a. transverse foramen
except the first and the seventh， b. bifid spines ：
The first cervical vertebra known as the atlas.
The second cervical vertebra known as axis.
The seventh cervical vertebra known as vertebra prominens.
2 The thoracic vertebrae (12 in number)
a. costal facets (on each side of their bodies and on their transverse processes )
b. sloping caudaward spines
3 The lumbar vertebrae (5 in number) a. large body
b. horizontal quadrilateral spines 4 The sacrum
promontory 、sacral hiatus、 sacral cornua or horns 5 The coccyx
二、 The Ribs (Costae)
1 costal bone : head, neck and body ? costal groove 2 costal cartilage
三、 The Sternum
Manubrium
? sternal angle
body
xiphoid process
Section 3 The Bones of Limbs
The appendicular skeleton includes the bones of upper limbs and the bones of the lower limbs.
一、 The Bones of Upper Limb
The bones of upper limb include shoulder girdle and the bones of free upper limb which are divided into three segments, the upper arm, the forearm and the hand.
：一， The Shoulder Girdle The shoulder girdle consist of the clavicle and the scapula.
1 The clavicle
medial (or sternal) end
lateral (or acromial) end
2 The scapula
two surfaces ?
anterior surface: subscapular fossa
dorsal surface: spine of scapula
acromion
supraspinous fossa
infraspinous fossa
three borders (the medial, lateral and superior borders)
superior border ? coracoid process
three angles (the superior, inferior and lateral angles )
lateral angle ? glenoid cavity
：二， The Bones of Free Upper Limb
Those include the bone of upper arm (the humerus), the bones of forearm (the radius and
ulna), and the bones of hand (the carpal bones, metacarpal bones and phalanges).
1 The humerus: a body (shaft) and two ends (extremities)
The upper (proximal) end : head of humerus
lateral ?greater tubercle
anterior ?lesser tubercle
surgical neck
Body: deltoid tuberosity
sulcus for radial nerve
The lower end: lateral ? capitulum
medial ?trochlea
coronoid fossa
olecranon fossa
lateral and medial epicondyles
sulcus for ulnar nerve.
2 The bones of forearm
1，The radius
The proximal end: a head, neck and tuberosity
The shaft: interosseous border The distal end: styloid process
2，The ulna
The proximal end: olecranon
coronoid process
trochlear notch
ulnar tuberosity
The shaft: interosseous border The distal end: a head and a styloid process
3 The bones of hand
Which include three parts: the carpal bones, the metacarpal bones and phalanges
1) The carpal bones (or the bones of the wrist)
The proximal row? scaphoid, lunate, triquetral and pisiform bones
The distal row :trapezium, trapezoid, capitate and hamate bones
2) The metacarpal bones
a base, a shaft, and a head
3) The phalanges
They are long bones, and 14 in number, two for the thumb and three for each of other digits.
二、The Bones of Lower Limb
The free lower limb is divided into three segments, the thigh, the leg and the foot. ：一， The Pelvic Girdle
It is formed by two hip bones.The hip bone consists of three cqmponents: a superior ilium, an anteroinferior pubis, and a posteroinferior ischium.
1 Hip bone: obturator foramen and acetabulum
2 Formation :
1) The ilium :
a body
a wing or ala :iliac crest ? anterior superior iliac spine
posterior superior iliac spine anterior inferior iliac spine posterior inferior iliac spine tubercle of
iliac crest
iliac fossa
arcuate line
2) The ischium : a body :ischial tuberosity
a ramus:ischial spine
lesser sciatic notch
greater sciatic notch
3) The pubis
a body: iliopubic eminence
Rami: inferior ramus
superior ramus : pecten pubis
pubic tubercle
：二， The Bones of Free Lower Limb
1 The femur
The upper end: a head a neck, and two trochanters
The shaft: linea aspera 、gluteal tuberosity
pectineal lin
The lower end: medial condyle and lateral condyle
medial and lateral epicondyles
adductor tubercle
2 The patella
3 The tibia
The upper end: medial and lateral condyles
intercondylar eminence
tibial tuberosity
The shaft: soleal line、 interosseous border
The lower end : medial malleolus、 fibular notch
4 The fibula
The upper end: a head and neck
The shaft: interosseous border
The lower end : lateral malleolus
5 The bones of foot The bones of the foot has three parts: the tarsal bones, the metatarsal
bones and the phalanges
l) The tarsal bones
proximal row: talus, calcaneus, navicular and cuboid
distal row: medial, intermedial and lateral cuneiforms 2) The metatarsal bones